enflurane

エンフルラン

　

WordNet

1. a nonflammable liquid (trade name Ethrane) used as an inhalation general anesthetic (同)Ethrane

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/17 23:23:32」(JST)

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Enflurane

Systematic (IUPAC) name
(RS)-2-chloro-1-(difluoromethoxy)-1,1,2-trifluoro-ethane
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	97%
Identifiers
CAS Number	13838-16-9 Y
ATC code	N01AB04
PubChem	CID: 3226
IUPHAR/BPS	7175
DrugBank	DB00228 Y
ChemSpider	3113 Y
UNII	91I69L5AY5 Y
KEGG	D00543 Y
ChEBI	CHEBI:4792 Y
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1257 Y
Chemical data
Formula	C3H2ClF5O
Molecular mass	184.492 g/mol
SMILES FC(Cl)C(F)(F)OC(F)F
InChI InChI=1S/C3H2ClF5O/c4-1(5)3(8,9)10-2(6)7/h1-2H Y Key:JPGQOUSTVILISH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
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Enflurane (2-chloro-1,1,2,-trifluoroethyl-difluoromethyl ether) is a halogenated ether. Developed by Ross Terrell in 1963, it was first used clinically in 1966. It was increasingly used for inhalational anesthesia during the 1970s and 1980s but is no longer in common use.

Enflurane is a structural isomer of isoflurane. It vaporizes readily, but is a liquid at room temperature.

Physical properties

Property	Value
Boiling point at 1 atm	56.5 °C
MAC	1.68
Vapor pressure at 20 °C	22.9 kPa (172 mm Hg)
Blood:gas partition coefficient	1.9
Oil:gas partition coefficient	98

Side effects

Clinically, enflurane produces a dose-related depression of myocardial contractility with an associated decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption. Between 2% and 5% of the inhaled dose is oxidised in the liver, producing fluoride ions and difluoromethoxy-difluoroacetic acid. This is significantly higher than the metabolism of its structural isomer isoflurane.

Enflurane also lowers the threshold for seizures, and should especially not be used on people with epilepsy. It is also known to cause malignant hyperthermia.

It relaxes the uterus in pregnant women.

Enflurane and methoxyflurane have a nephrotoxic effect and cause acute renal failure, usually by its nephrotoxic metabolite.

Pharmacology

The exact mechanism of the action of general anaesthetics have not been delineated. Enflurane acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABA_A, glycine, and 5-HT₃ receptors, and as a negative allosteric modulator of the AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptors, as well as of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Occupational safety

In the workplace, people may be exposed to enflurane by breathing it in as a waste anaesthetic gas, swallowing it, eye contact, or skin contact. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) for exposure to waste anaesthetic gas of 2 ppm (15.1 mg/m³) over a 60 minute period. Symptoms of occupational exposure to enflurane include eye irritation, central nervous system depression, analgesia, anesthesia, convulsions, and respiratory depression.

References

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Ion Mobility Studies on the Negative Ion-Molecule Chemistry of Isoflurane and Enflurane.

• González-Méndez R1, Watts P2, Howse DC2, Procino I3, McIntyre H3, Mayhew CA2,4.
• Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.J Am Soc Mass Spectrom.2017 May;28(5):939-946. doi: 10.1007/s13361-017-1616-0. Epub 2017 Feb 21.
• PMID 28224395

• Lateral Pressure Profile and Free Volume Properties in Phospholipid Membranes Containing Anesthetics.

• Fábián B1,2, Sega M3, Voloshin VP4, Medvedev NN5,4, Jedlovszky P6,7,8.
• The journal of physical chemistry. B.J Phys Chem B.2017 Apr 6;121(13):2814-2824. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b00990. Epub 2017 Mar 27.
• PMID 28282987

• Cardiac Calcium Release Channel (Ryanodine Receptor 2) Regulation by Halogenated Anesthetics.

• Laver DR1, Attia J, Oldmeadow C, Quail AW.
• Anesthesiology.Anesthesiology.2017 Mar;126(3):495-506. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001519.
• PMID 28079567

Japanese Journal

• Inhalation Anesthesia Is Preferable for Recording Rat Cardiac Function Using an Electrocardiogram

• Murakami Manabu,Niwa Hidetoshi,Kushikata Tetsuya,Watanabe Hiroyuki,Hirota Kazuyoshi,Ono Kyoichi,Ohba Takayoshi
• Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 37(5), 834-839, 2014
• … The effects of inhalation anesthesia (2% isoflurane, sevoflurane, or enflurane) and intraperitoneal anesthesia with pentobarbital (65 mg/kg) were compared in rats using an electrocardiogram (ECG) and determination of blood oxygen saturation (SPO2) levels. …
• NAID 130004147332

• A New Method of Inhalation Anesthesia with Nasopharyngeal Insufflation in Rat Experiment

• Yamasaki Konosuke,Kuroe Kazuto,Kamimura Ryozo
• Experimental animals 52(4), 349-351, 2003-07-01
• … Insertion of a feeding tube 1.0 mm in diameter coated with 2% xylocaine jelly was inserted into the nasal cavity approximately 25 mm from the naris, and anesthetization with mixed gas of 100% oxygen with 3-4% enflurane at 0.25-0.5 l/min flow rate was achieved. …
• NAID 10011713564

• Comparison of the effects of neuroleptanesthesia and enflurane or sevoflurane anesthesia on neuromuscular blockade by rocuronium

• GUNGOR IRFAN,BOZKIRLI FUSUN,CELEBI HULYA,GUNAYDIN BERRIN
• Journal of anesthesia 17(2), 129-132, 2003-05-20
• NAID 50000854132

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「エンフルラン」「Ethrane」

「エンフルラン」

　　[★]

英

enflurane

同

エトラン ethrane

関

エトレン

「Ethrane」

　　[★]

エトレン

関

enflurane