WordNet

(physics) a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical system to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs; "energy can take a wide variety of forms" (同)free_energy
a healthy capacity for vigorous activity; "jogging works off my excess energy"; "he seemed full of vim and vigor" (同)vim, vitality
any source of usable power; "the DOE is responsible for maintaining the energy policy"
an imaginative lively style (especially style of writing); "his writing conveys great energy"; "a remarkable muscularity of style" (同)muscularity, vigor, vigour, vim
enterprising or ambitious drive; "Europeans often laugh at American energy" (同)push, get-up-and-go
forceful exertion; "he plays tennis with great energy"; "hes full of zip" (同)vigor, vigour, zip
an opening through which fluid is admitted to a tube or container (同)inlet

PrepTutorEJDIC

(一般的な力としての)『精力』,気力,元気 / (個人の)精力,活動力 / エネルギー
〈C〉(導管などの水・空気などの)取り入れ口 / 〈C〉取り入れ,吸い込み / 〈U〉摂取量;取り入れたもの

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/06 17:51:19」(JST)

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In biology, energy homeostasis, or energy balance, is an aspect of bioenergetics concerning the energy flow through living systems, by metabolism.^[1] Energy homeostasis involves the human body using chemical and neural signals to adjust the amount of energy flows; and to regulate caloric intake by signaling the brain to regulate the sensation of hunger. Fifty percent of the energy from glucose metabolism is immediately converted to heat.^[2]

Definition

In the US, biological energy is expressed using the energy unit Calorie with a capital C (i.e. kilocalorie), which equals the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 °C (about 4.18 kJ).^{[citation needed]}

Energy balance, through biosynthetic reactions, can be measured with the following equation:

Energy intake (food) = Energy expended (heat + work) + Energy stored.^[1]

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. But energy can be converted from one form of energy to another. So when a calorie of food eaten enters a body, ultimately 100% of that calorie will be converted to heat, resulting in three particular short-term effects: a portion of that calorie is either stored as fat, transferred to the body's cells as chemical energy, by Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a coenzyme and used for mechanical work or chemical synthesis, or immediately dissipated through heat.^[2]

Energy

Intake

Energy intake is calories consumed as food, which is determined by hunger (hypothalamus) and choice (cerebral cortex). Hunger is determined by the impact of the hormones leptin and ghrelin on the hypothalamus.^{[citation needed]}

Expenditure

Energy expenditure is mainly a sum of internal heat produced and external work. The internal heat produced is, in turn, mainly a sum of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and the thermic effect of food. External work may be estimated by measuring the physical activity level (PAL).^{[citation needed]}

Imbalance

Positive balance

A positive balance is a result of energy intake being higher than what is consumed in external work and other bodily means of energy expenditure.^{[citation needed]}

The main preventable causes are:

Overeating, resulting in increased energy intake
Sedentary lifestyle, resulting in decreased energy expenditure through external work

A positive balance results in energy being stored as fat and/or muscle, causing weight gain. In time, overweight and obesity may develop, with resultant complications.

Negative balance

A negative balance is a result of energy intake being less than what is consumed in external work and other bodily means of energy expenditure.

The main cause is undereating due to a medical condition such as decreased appetite, anorexia nervosa, digestive disease, or due to some circumstance such as fasting or lack of access to food

Requirement

Normal energy requirement, and therefore normal energy intake, depends mainly on age, sex and physical activity level (PAL). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has compiled a detailed report on human energy requirements: Human energy requirements (Rome, 17–24 October 2001) An older but commonly used and fairly accurate method is the Harris-Benedict equation.

Yet, there are currently ongoing studies to show if calorie restriction to below normal values have beneficial effects, and even though they are showing positive indications in primates^[3]^[4] it is still not certain if calorie restriction has a positive effect on longevity for primates and humans.^[3]^[4] Calorie restriction may be viewed as attaining energy balance at a lower intake and expenditure, and is, in this sense, not generally an energy imbalance, except for an initial imbalance where decreased expenditure hasn't yet matched the decreased intake.

References

^ ^a ^b Keith N. Frayn (2013). Metabolic Regulation: A Human Perspective. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 1118685334.
^ ^a ^b Kevin G. Murphy & Stephen R. Bloom (December 14, 2006). "Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis" 444 (7121). Nature. pp. 854–859. doi:10.1038/nature05484. PMID 17167473.
^ ^a ^b Anderson RM, Shanmuganayagam D, Weindruch R (2009). "Caloric restriction and aging: studies in mice and monkeys". Toxicol Pathol 37 (1): 47–51. doi:10.1177/0192623308329476. PMID 19075044.
^ ^a ^b Rezzi S, Martin FP, Shanmuganayagam D, Colman RJ, Nicholson JK, Weindruch R (May 2009). "Metabolic shifts due to long-term caloric restriction revealed in nonhuman primates". Exp. Gerontol. 44 (5): 356–62. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2009.02.008. PMC 2822382. PMID 19264119.

External links

Diagram of regulation of fat stores and hunger [1]
Daily energy requirement calculator
BodyEngine - Visual fitness tool which calculates RMR (resting metabolic rate ), EER and BMI

UpToDate Contents

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1. 乳児および幼児における経腸栄養 enteral nutrition in infants and children
2. 思春期における食物エネルギー所要量 dietary energy requirements in adolescents
3. 成人における健康食 healthy diet in adults
4. 重症患者における栄養補給：概要 nutrition support in critically ill patients an overview
5. 早産児における経腸栄養に対するアプローチ approach to enteral nutrition in the premature infant

English Journal

Action and therapeutic potential of oxyntomodulin.

Pocai A.Author information Janssen Research and Devolopment, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, 1516 Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.AbstractOxyntomodulin (OXM) is a peptide hormone released from the gut in post-prandial state that activates both the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) and the glucagon receptor (GCGR) resulting in superior body weight lowering to selective GLP1R agonists. OXM reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure in humans. While activation of the GCGR increases glucose production posing a hyperglycemic risk, the simultaneous activation of the GLP1R counteracts this effect. Acute OXM infusion improves glucose tolerance in T2DM patients making dual agonists of the GCGR and GLP1R new promising treatments for diabetes and obesity with the potential for weight loss and glucose lowering superior to that of GLP1R agonists.
Molecular metabolism.Mol Metab.2013 Dec 14;3(3):241-251. eCollection 2014.
Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a peptide hormone released from the gut in post-prandial state that activates both the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) and the glucagon receptor (GCGR) resulting in superior body weight lowering to selective GLP1R agonists. OXM reduces food intake and increases energy
PMID 24749050

Mammalian target of rapamycin hyperactivity mediates the detrimental effects of a high sucrose diet on Alzheimer's disease pathology.

Orr ME1, Salinas A1, Buffenstein R1, Oddo S2.Author information 1Department of Physiology and The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.2Department of Physiology and The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA. Electronic address: oddo@email.arizona.edu.AbstractHigh sugar consumption and diabetes increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) by unknown mechanisms. Using an animal model of AD, here we show that high sucrose intake induces obesity with changes in central and peripheral insulin signaling. These pre-diabetic changes are associated with an increase in amyloid-β production and deposition. Moreover, high sucrose ingestion exacerbates tau phosphorylation by increasing Cdk5 activity. Mechanistically, the sucrose-mediated increase in AD-like pathology results from hyperactive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a key nutrient sensor important in regulating energy homeostasis. Specifically, we show that rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, prevents the detrimental effects of sucrose in the brain without altering changes in peripheral insulin resistance. Overall, our data suggest that high sucrose intake and dysregulated insulin signaling, which are known to contribute to the occurrence of diabetes, increase the risk of developing AD by upregulating brain mTOR signaling. Therefore, early interventions to modulate mTOR activity in individuals at high risk of developing diabetes may decrease their AD susceptibility.
Neurobiology of aging.Neurobiol Aging.2014 Jun;35(6):1233-42. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.12.006. Epub 2013 Dec 14.
High sugar consumption and diabetes increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) by unknown mechanisms. Using an animal model of AD, here we show that high sucrose intake induces obesity with changes in central and peripheral insulin signaling. These pre-diabetic changes are associated w
PMID 24411482

Thiamine deficiency induces anorexia by inhibiting hypothalamic AMPK.

Liu M1, Alimov AP2, Wang H2, Frank JA2, Katz W2, Xu M2, Ke ZJ3, Luo J4.Author information 1Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.2Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.3Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.4Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. Electronic address: jialuo888@uky.edu.AbstractObesity and eating disorders are prevailing health concerns worldwide. It is important to understand the regulation of food intake and energy metabolism. Thiamine (vitamin B1) is an essential nutrient. Thiamine deficiency (TD) can cause a number of disorders in humans, such as Beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. We demonstrated here that TD caused anorexia in C57BL/6 mice. After feeding a TD diet for 16days, the mice displayed a significant decrease in food intake and an increase in resting energy expenditure (REE), which resulted in a severe weight loss. At the 22nd day, the food intake was reduced by 69% and 74% for male and female mice, respectively in TD group. The REE increased by ninefolds in TD group. The loss of body weight (17-24%) was similar between male and female animals and mainly resulted from the reduction of fat mass (49% decrease). Re-supplementation of thiamine (benfotiamine) restored animal's appetite, leading to a total recovery of body weight. The hypothalamic adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a critical regulator of food intake. TD inhibited the phosphorylation of AMPK in the arcuate nucleus (ARN) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus without affecting its expression. TD-induced inhibition of AMPK phosphorylation was reversed once thiamine was re-supplemented. In contrast, TD increased AMPK phosphorylation in the skeletal muscle and upregulated the uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 in brown adipose tissues which was consistent with increased basal energy expenditure. Re-administration of thiamine stabilized AMPK phosphorylation in the skeletal muscle as well as energy expenditure. Taken together, TD may induce anorexia by inhibiting hypothalamic AMPK activity. With a simultaneous increase in energy expenditure, TD caused an overall body weight loss. The results suggest that the status of thiamine levels in the body may affect food intake and body weight.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2014 May 16;267:102-13. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.033. Epub 2014 Mar 5.
Obesity and eating disorders are prevailing health concerns worldwide. It is important to understand the regulation of food intake and energy metabolism. Thiamine (vitamin B1) is an essential nutrient. Thiamine deficiency (TD) can cause a number of disorders in humans, such as Beriberi and Wernicke-
PMID 24607345

Japanese Journal

学生の食事にみる日常食の実際- 食事調査からの考察 -

山下浩子,山村涼子,真谷智美,高松幸子
久留米信愛女学院短期大学研究紀要 (37), 77-80, 2014-07-01
… In addition, a comparison of dietary intake standards and energy intake volume gave a ratio of around 70%. …
NAID 110009821613

Association of Dietary Fat and Carbohydrate Consumption and Predicted Ten-year Risk for Developing Coronary Heart Disease in a General Japanese Population

Minoura Akira,Wang Da-Hong,Sato Yoshie,Zou Yu,Sakano Noriko,Kubo Masayuki,Takemoto Kei,Masatomi Chie,Ogino Keiki
Acta Medica Okayama 68(3), 129-135, 2014-06
… The logistic regression models revealed a significantly increased odds ratio of 10-year CHD risk in the subjects with the highest tertile of carbohydrate intake (% energy) (odds ratio 3.64, 95% CI, 2.07-6.40);after adjustment for other variables, the odds ratio for the 10-year CHD risk was also higher in the subjects with the highest tertile of carbohydrate intake (odds ratio 1.72, 95% CI, 0.70-4.25). …
NAID 120005447124

Development of internal dosimetry evaluation code for chronic exposure after intake of radionuclides (The 12th International Conference on Radiation Shielding (ICRS-12) and the 17th Topical Meeting of the Radiation Protection and Shielding Division of ANS (RPSD-2012)) -- (Accident of Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant and Its Influence)