- 関
- endolymph
WordNet
- the bodily fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/16 04:02:36」(JST)
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| Endolymph |
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Cross-section of cochlea. (Endolymph is located in the cochlear duct - the light green region at the middle of the diagram.)
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illustration of otolith organs showing detail of utricle, ococonia, endolymph, cupula, macula, hair cell filaments, and saccular nerve
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| Details |
| Identifiers |
| Latin |
endolympha |
| MeSH |
A12.207.270.517.324 |
Dorlands
/Elsevier |
e_08/12332247 |
| TA |
A15.3.03.061 |
| FMA |
61112 |
| Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
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Endolymph is the fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. It is also called Scarpa's fluid, after Antonio Scarpa.[1]
Contents
- 1 Structure
- 2 Function
- 3 Clinical significance
- 4 Additional images
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Structure
The inner ear has two parts: the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth is contained within the bony labyrinth, and within the membranous labyrinth is a fluid called endolymph. Between the outer wall of the membranous labyrinth and the wall of the bony labyrinth is the location of perilymph.
Composition
Perilymph and endolymph have unique ionic compositions suited to their functions in regulating electrochemical impulses of hair cells. The electric potential of endolymph is ~80-90 mV more positive than perilymph due to a higher concentration of K compared to Na.[2]
The main component of this unique extracellular fluid is potassium, which is secreted from the stria vascularis. The high potassium content of the endolymph means that potassium, not sodium, is carried as the de-polarizing electric current in the hair cells. This is known as the mechano-electric transduction (MET) current.
Endolymph has a high positive potential (80–120 mV in the cochlea), relative to other nearby fluids such as perilymph, due to its high concentration of positively charged ions. It is mainly this electrical potential difference that allows potassium ions to flow into the hair cells during mechanical stimulation of the hair bundle. Because the hair cells are at a negative potential of about -50 mV, the potential difference from endolymph to hair cell is on the order of 150 mV, which is the largest electrical potential difference found in the body.[citation needed]
Function
Fluid waves occur in the endolymph in the various parts of the membranous labyrinth in response to fluid waves in the perilymph.
- Hearing: Cochlear duct: fluid waves in the endolymph of the cochlear duct stimulate the receptor cells, which in turn translate their movement into nerve impulses that the brain perceives as sound.
- Balance: Semicircular canals: angular acceleration of the endolymph in the semicircular canals stimulate the vestibular receptors of the endolymph. The semicircular canals of both inner ears act in concert to coordinate balance.
Clinical significance
Disruption of the endolymph due to jerky movements (like spinning around or driving over bumps while riding in a car) can cause motion sickness.[3] A condition where the volume of the endolymph is greatly enlarged is called endolymphatic hydrops and has been linked to Ménière's disease.[4]
Additional images
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Inner ear illustration showing semicircular canal, hair cells, ampulla, cupula, vestibular nerve, & fluid
See also
- Dark cell
- Perilymph
- Stria vascularis
- Organ of Corti
- Ménière's disease
References
- ^ synd/2926 at Who Named It?
- ^ Konishi T, Hamrick PE, Walsh PJ (1978). "Ion transport in guinea pig cochlea. I. Potassium and sodium transport". Acta Otolaryngol. 86 (1-2): 22–34. PMID 696294. doi:10.3109/00016487809124717.
- ^ What makes people dizzy when they spin?
- ^ Ménière's Disease Information Center - Cause of Ménière's Disease
External links
- Longitudinal Flow of Endolymph at wustl.edu
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Anatomy of hearing and balance
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| Outer ear |
- Auricle
- helix
- antihelix
- tragus
- antitragus
- intertragic notch
- earlobe
- Ear canal
- Auricular muscles
- Eardrum
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| Middle ear |
| Tympanic cavity |
- Medial structures
- oval window
- round window
- secondary tympanic membrane
- prominence of facial canal
- promontory of tympanic cavity
- Posterior structures
- mastoid cells
- aditus to mastoid antrum
- pyramidal eminence
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| Ossicles |
- Malleus
- superior ligament
- lateral ligament
- anterior ligament
- Incus
- superior ligament
- posterior ligament
- Stapes
- Muscles
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Auditory tube /
Eustachian tube |
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Inner ear/
(membranous labyrinth,
bony labyrinth) |
Auditory system/
Cochlear labyrinth |
| General cochlea |
- Vestibular duct
- Helicotrema
- Tympanic duct
- Modiolus
- Cochlear cupula
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| Perilymphatic space |
- Perilymph
- Cochlear aqueduct
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Cochlear duct /
scala media |
- Reissner's/vestibular membrane
- Basilar membrane
- Reticular membrane
- Endolymph
- Stria vascularis
- Spiral ligament
- Organ of Corti
- Tectorial membrane
- Sulcus spiralis
- Spiral limbus
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| Cells |
- Claudius cell
- Boettcher cell
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Vestibular system/
Vestibular labyrinth |
| Vestibule |
- Utricle
- Saccule
- Kinocilium
- Otolith
- Vestibular aqueduct
- endolymphatic duct
- endolymphatic sac
- Ductus reuniens
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| Semicircular canals |
- Superior semicircular canal
- Posterior semicircular canal
- Horizontal semicircular canal
- Ampullary cupula
- Ampullae
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Computing simulated endolymphatic flow thermodynamics during the caloric test using normal and hydropic duct models.
- Rey-Martinez J1, McGarvie L2, Pérez-Fernández N3.
- Acta oto-laryngologica.Acta Otolaryngol.2017 Mar;137(3):270-274. doi: 10.1080/00016489.2016.1242775. Epub 2016 Oct 14.
- CONCLUSION: The obtained simulations support the underlying hypothesis that the hydrostatic caloric drive is dissipated by local convective flow in a hydropic duct.OBJECTIVE: To develop a computerized model to simulate and predict the internal fluid thermodynamic behavior within both normal and hydr
- PMID 27739351
- Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of endolymphatic hydrops andpost-operative findings in cases with otosclerosis.
- Sone M1, Yoshida T1, Sugimoto S1, Morimoto K1, Okazaki Y1, Teranishi M1, Naganawa S2, Nakashima T1.
- Acta oto-laryngologica.Acta Otolaryngol.2017 Mar;137(3):242-245. doi: 10.1080/00016489.2016.1232862. Epub 2016 Sep 27.
- CONCLUSIONS: The presence of endolymphatic hydrops (EH) in the vestibule on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) might be a high-risk factor for complications in cases that are candidates for stapes surgery.OBJECTIVE: Pre-operative detection of EH could be valuable in cases that are candidates for stape
- PMID 27676652
- Assessment of endolymphatic hydrops and otolith function in patients with Ménière's disease.
- Okumura T1, Imai T2, Takimoto Y3, Takeda N4, Kitahara T5, Uno A6, Kamakura T1, Osaki Y7, Watanabe Y8, Inohara H1.
- European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery.Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol.2017 Mar;274(3):1413-1421. doi: 10.1007/s00405-016-4418-2. Epub 2016 Dec 10.
- Ménière's disease is associated with hydrops of the inner ear endolymphatic space, and histopathologically, the cochlea and vestibule are usually involved. We used gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and measured cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and the gain in
- PMID 27942898
Japanese Journal
- Improved 3D-real Inversion Recovery: A Robust Imaging Technique for Endolymphatic Hydrops after Intravenous Administration of Gadolinium
- Differences in Signal Intensity and Enhancement on MR Images of the Perivascular Spaces in the Basal Ganglia versus Those in White Matter
- Relationship between Contrast Enhancement of the Perivascular Space in the Basal Ganglia and Endolymphatic Volume Ratio
Related Links
- The neoplasms characteristically associated with VHL disease include hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system and retina, angiomas of the retina, endolymphatic sac tumors, clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) and ...
- what is Endolymphatic hydrops.Although its underlying cause and natural history are unknown, it is believed to result from abnormalities in the quantity, composition, and/or pressure of the endolymph (the fluid within the ...
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