出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2017/02/19 21:06:11」(JST)
柔軟化粧水(じゅうなんけしょうすい、moisturizers)、皮膚軟化剤(ひふなんかざい、emollient [ɨˈmɒliənts])は、特に皮膚(表皮)を柔軟にするために調製された化学物質の混合物である。皮膚の水分の蒸発を低減させることにより保湿するはたらきを持ち、乾燥肌の予防と治療、敏感肌の保護などに用いられる[1]。天然に存在する皮膚の脂質やステロール、人工または天然オイル、保湿剤(英語版)、潤滑剤が入っていても構わない。化粧品や医薬品として一般に市販・処方されている。
乾燥や脂質、光から皮膚を保護する目的で油っこくない水ベースの柔軟化粧水が用いられる。これには セタノールなどの軽量油やシクロメチコンなどのシリコン由来成分が含まれる[1]。
乾燥肌には、抗酸化剤やブドウ種子油、ジメチルポリシロキサン(ジメチコン)を含むオイルベースのものが使われる[1]。より乾燥したひび割れ肌にはワセリンベースの製品が用いられる[1]。
脂性肌の場合は肌が乾燥しやすい洗顔後に用いる[1]。毛穴を詰まらせないような角栓のリスクが低い水ベースのものが好ましい[1]。
敏感肌用の柔軟化粧水は、カモミールやアロエなど刺激の少ないものが使われ、香料や色素などのアレルゲンや酸などの刺激物質は最小限に抑えられている[1]。
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Moisturizers or emollients (/ᵻˈmɒliənts/) are complex mixtures of chemical agents specially designed to make the external layers of the skin (epidermis) softer and more pliable. They increase the skin's hydration (water content) by reducing evaporation. Naturally occurring skin lipids and sterols, as well as artificial or natural oils, humectants, emollients, lubricants, etc., may be part of the composition of commercial skin moisturizers. They usually are available as commercial products for cosmetic and therapeutic uses, but can also be made at home using common pharmacy ingredients.
Moisturizers prevent and treat dry skin, protect sensitive skin, improve skin tone and texture, and mask imperfections.[1]
Moisturizers can be used to prevent the skin from becoming too dry or oily, such as with light, non-greasy water-based moisturizers. Such moisturizers often contain lightweight oils, such as cetyl alcohol, or silicone-derived ingredients, such as cyclomethicone.[1]
For treating skin dryness, the most appropriate moisturizers are heavier, oil-based moisturizers that contain ingredients such as antioxidants, grape seed oil or dimethicone.[1] For very dry, cracked skin, petrolatum-based products are preferable, as they are longer-lasting than creams and are more effective in preventing water evaporation.[1]
For oily skin, moisturizers can still be useful after activities causing skin dryness, such as other skin care products and washing.[1] For oily skin, water-based moisturizers that are specifically non-comedogenic are preferable, as there is less risk of comedo formation.[1]
Appropriate moisturizers to keep aging skin soft and well hydrated are oil-based ones that contain petrolatum as the base, along with antioxidants or alpha hydroxy acids against wrinkles.[1]
On sensitive skin (which otherwise is susceptible to skin irritations, redness, itching or rashes), it is preferable to use moisturizers which contain soothing ingredients such as chamomile or aloe, and that minimize potential allergens such as fragrances or dyes, as well as irritants such as acids.[1]
In eczema it is generally best to match thicker ointments to the driest, flakiest skin. Light emollients such as aqueous cream may not have any effect on severely dry skin. Some common emollients for the relief of eczema include Oilatum, Balneum, Medi Oil, Diprobase, bath oils and aqueous cream. Sebexol, Epaderm ointment, Exederm and Eucerin lotion or cream may also be helpful with itching. Lotions or creams may be applied directly to the skin after bathing to lock in moisture. Moisturizing gloves (gloves which keep emollients in contact with skin on the hands) can be worn while sleeping. Generally, twice-daily applications of emollients work best. While creams are easy to apply, they are quickly absorbed into the skin, and therefore need frequent reapplication. Ointments, with less water content, stay on the skin for longer and need fewer applications, but they can be greasy and inconvenient.
Recently, ceramides, which are the major lipid constituent of the stratum corneum, have been used in the treatment of eczema.[2][3][4] They are often one of the ingredients of modern moisturizers. These lipids were also successfully produced synthetically in the laboratory.[5]
A randomized control trial in infants found that subjects with atopic dermatitis that were treated with emollients (e.g., Eucerin, Cetaphil, Nutraderm) had significantly decreased requirements for topical steroids compared with a control group who were not treated with them. Emollients are best applied immediately after bathing when the skin is well hydrated.[6]
Three methods are used to moisturize skin:
Two factors have to be considered when assessing the safety of a moisturizer:
A recent study discovered the application of certain moisturizers increases the incidence of skin cancer in high-risk mice, but these animals were subjected to UVB radiation in high doses over a long period of time prior to application of moisturizers.[7] Four popular moisturizers were tested, providing the same result. It is not yet known if the same applies to humans. A fifth moisturizer, specially prepared without mineral oil and sodium lauryl sulphate, had no such effect.[8] The researchers asked Johnson & Johnson to produce this cream for the study, which the pharmaceutical company later patented.[citation needed]
Some people are sensitive or allergic to certain chemical components, which can cause irritation, rashes, and other allergic reactions.
As with most skin-care products, there is a risk of moisturizers being contaminated with bacteria that can cause disease.
Cosmetics
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関連記事 | 「emollient」 |
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