同: ERG

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a graphical recording of the electrical activity of the retina that results when light is flashed into the eye

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/26 11:53:22」(JST)

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A patient undergoing an electroretinogram

Electroretinography measures the electrical responses of various cell types in the retina, including the photoreceptors (rods and cones), inner retinal cells (bipolar and amacrine cells), and the ganglion cells. Electrodes are usually placed on the cornea and the skin near the eye, although it is possible to record the ERG from skin electrodes. During a recording, the patient's eyes are exposed to standardized stimuli and the resulting signal is displayed showing the time course of the signal's amplitude (voltage). Signals are very small, and typically are measured in microvolts or nanovolts. The ERG is composed of electrical potentials contributed by different cell types within the retina, and the stimulus conditions (flash or pattern stimulus, whether a background light is present, and the colors of the stimulus and background) can elicit stronger response from certain components.

If a flash ERG is performed on a dark-adapted eye, the response is primarily from the rod system. Flash ERGs performed on a light adapted eye will reflect the activity of the cone system. Sufficiently bright flashes will elicit ERGs containing an a-wave (initial negative deflection) followed by a b-wave (positive deflection). The leading edge of the a-wave is produced by the photoreceptors, while the remainder of the wave is produced by a mixture of cells including photoreceptors, bipolar, amacrine, and Muller cells or Muller glia.^[1] The pattern ERG, evoked by an alternating checkerboard stimulus, primarily reflects activity of retinal ganglion cells.

Clinically used mainly by ophthalmologists, the electroretinogram (ERG) is used for the diagnosis of various retinal diseases.^[2]

Inherited retinal degenerations in which the ERG can be useful include:

Retinitis pigmentosa and related hereditary degenerations
Retinitis punctata albescens
Leber's congenital amaurosis
Choroideremia
Gyrate atrophy of the retina and choroid
Goldman-Favre syndrome
Congenital stationary night blindness - normal a-wave indicates normal photoreceptors; absent b-wave indicates abnormality in the bipolar cell region.
X-linked juvenile retinoschisis
Achromatopsia
Cone dystrophy
Disorders mimicking retinitis pigmentosa
Usher Syndrome

Other ocular disorders in which the standard ERG provides useful information include:

Diabetic retinopathy
Other ischemic retinopathies including central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), branch vein occlusion (BVO), and sickle cell retinopathy
Toxic retinopathies, including those caused by Plaquenil and Vigabatrin. The ERG is also used to monitor retinal toxicity in many drug trials.
Autoimmune retinopathies such as Cancer Associated Retinopathy (CAR), Melanoma Associated Retinopathy (MAR), and Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy (AZOOR)
Retinal detachment
Assessment of retinal function after trauma, especially in vitreous hemorrhage and other conditions where the fundus cannot be visualized.

The ERG is also used extensively in eye research, as it provides information about the function of the retina that is not otherwise available.

Other ERG tests, such as the Photopic Negative Response (PhNR) and pattern ERG (PERG) may be useful in assessing retinal ganglion cell function in diseases like glaucoma.

The multifocal ERG is used to record separate responses for different retinal locations.

The international body concerned with the clinical use and standardization of the ERG, EOG, and VEP is the International Society for the Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision ^[3]

References

^ Webvision at University of Utah
^ Electroretinography, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 11 April 2005 (accessed 19 January 2007)
^ ISCEV Website

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Rhodopsin p.N78I dominant mutation causing sectorial retinitis pigmentosa in a pedigree with intrafamilial clinical heterogeneity.

Rivera-De la Parra D, Cabral-Macias J, Matias-Florentino M, Rodriguez-Ruiz G, Robredo V, Zenteno JC.SourceRetina Department, Institute of Ophthalmology, "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico.
Gene.Gene.2013 Apr 25;519(1):173-6. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.01.048. Epub 2013 Feb 9.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular basis of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in a 4 affected sib-family segregating this retinal phenotype.METHODS: Affected sibs underwent complete ophthalmologic examination including funduscopic inspection, electroretinogram, fluorescein a
PMID 23402891
PMID 23426638

Japanese Journal

CLINICAL INVESTIGATION : Autoantibodies to transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 1 in a Japanese patient with melanoma-associated retinopathy

Morita Yukiko,Kimura Kazuhiro,Fujitsu Youichiro [他]
Japanese journal of ophthalmology : the official international journal of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society 58(2), 166-171, 2014-03
NAID 40020019815