WordNet

act so as to bring into existence; "effect a change"
a symptom caused by an illness or a drug; "the effects of sleep loss"; "the effect of the anesthetic"
(of a law) having legal validity; "the law is still in effect" (同)force
the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work (同)essence, burden, core, gist
an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived); "he just did it for effect"
produce; "The scientists set up a shock wave" (同)effectuate, set_up
wind instrument whose sound is produced by means of pipes arranged in sets supplied with air from a bellows and controlled from a large complex musical keyboard (同)pipe_organ
a fully differentiated structural and functional unit in an animal that is specialized for some particular function
a government agency or instrument devoted to the performance of some specific function; "The Census Bureau is an organ of the Commerce Department"
a periodical that is published by a special interest group; "the organ of the communist party"
a nerve fiber that terminates on a muscle or gland and stimulates contraction or secretion
an organ (a gland or muscle) that becomes active in response to nerve impulses

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉『結果』 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…への)『効果』,効きめ,影響《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(色・音・形などの)印象,感銘 / 《複数形で》品物;身の回り品;動産,財産 / (結果として)…‘を'『もたらす』;〈目的など〉‘を'果たす,遂行する
『オルガン』,パイプオルガン(pipe organ),リードオルガン(reed organ),電子オルガン(electronic organ),手回しオルガン(barrel organ) / (動植物の)『器官』 / (政党・会社などの)機関誌,機関紙 / 《しばしば複数形で》(行動・実施などの)組織,機関

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1. 臓器提供の候補となる小児患者（ポテンシャルドナー）の評価 assessment of the pediatric patient for potential organ donation
2. 腎臓移植における臓器共有（organ sharing） organ sharing in kidney transplantation
3. 女性における骨盤臓器脱：疫学、危険因子、臨床症状、およびマネージメントの概要 pelvic organ prolapse in women an overview of the epidemiology risk factors clinical manifestations and management
4. 女性の骨盤臓器脱：診断的評価 pelvic organ prolapse in women diagnostic evaluation
5. 女性の骨盤臓器脱：先端脱（子宮脱または膣円蓋脱）の外科的修復 pelvic organ prolapse in women surgical repair of apical prolapse uterine or vaginal vault prolapse

English Journal

Imaging of the spleen in malaria.

Ferrer M, Martin-Jaular L, De Niz M, Khan SM, Janse CJ, Calvo M, Heussler V, Del Portillo HA.Author information Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona) ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.AbstractSplenomegaly, albeit variably, is a hallmark of malaria; yet, the role of the spleen in Plasmodium infections remains vastly unknown. The implementation of imaging to study the spleen is rapidly advancing our knowledge of this so-called "blackbox" of the abdominal cavity. Not only has ex vivo imaging revealed the complex functional compartmentalization of the organ and immune effector cells, but it has also allowed the observation of major structural remodeling during infections. In vivo imaging, on the other hand, has allowed quantitative measurements of the dynamic passage of the parasite at spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we review imaging techniques used for studying the malarious spleen, from optical microscopy to in vivo imaging, and discuss the bright perspectives of evolving technologies in our present understanding of the role of this organ in infections caused by Plasmodium.
Parasitology international.Parasitol Int.2014 Feb;63(1):195-205. doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.08.014. Epub 2013 Aug 31.
Splenomegaly, albeit variably, is a hallmark of malaria; yet, the role of the spleen in Plasmodium infections remains vastly unknown. The implementation of imaging to study the spleen is rapidly advancing our knowledge of this so-called "blackbox" of the abdominal cavity. Not only has ex vivo imagin
PMID 23999413

GM-CSF Modulates Autoantibody Production and Skin Blistering in Experimental Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita.

Samavedam UK, Iwata H, Müller S, Schulze FS, Recke A, Schmidt E, Zillikens D, Ludwig RJ.Author information Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23563 Lübeck, Germany.AbstractGM-CSF activates hematopoietic cells and recruits neutrophils and macrophages to sites of inflammation. Inhibition of GM-CSF attenuates disease activity in models of chronic inflammatory disease. Effects of GM-CSF blockade were linked to modulation of the effector phase, whereas effects on early pathogenic events, for example, Ab production, have not been identified. To evaluate yet uncharacterized effects of GM-CSF on early pathogenic events in chronic inflammation, we employed immunization-induced epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), an autoimmune bullous disease caused by autoantibodies to type VII collagen. Compared to wild-type mice, upon immunization, GM-CSF(-/-) mice produced lower serum autoantibody titers, which were associated with reduced neutrophil numbers in draining lymph nodes. The same effect was observed in neutrophil-depleted wild-type mice. Neutrophil depletion in GM-CSF(-/-) mice led to a stronger inhibition, indicating that GM-CSF and neutrophils have additive functions. To characterize the contribution of GM-CSF specifically in the effector phase of EBA, disease was induced by transfer of anti-type VII collagen IgG into mice. We observed an increased GM-CSF expression, and GM-CSF blockade reduced skin blistering. Additionally, GM-CSF enhanced reactive oxygen species release and neutrophil migration in vitro. In immunization-induced murine EBA, treatment with anti-GM-CSF had a beneficial effect on established disease. We demonstrate that GM-CSF modulates both autoantibody production and skin blistering in a prototypical organ-specific autoimmune disease.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950).J Immunol.2014 Jan 15;192(2):559-71. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301556. Epub 2013 Dec 11.
GM-CSF activates hematopoietic cells and recruits neutrophils and macrophages to sites of inflammation. Inhibition of GM-CSF attenuates disease activity in models of chronic inflammatory disease. Effects of GM-CSF blockade were linked to modulation of the effector phase, whereas effects on early pat
PMID 24337383

The role of chemokines in acute and chronic hepatitis C infection.

Fahey S1, Dempsey E2, Long A1.Author information 1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.2School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.AbstractHepatitis C imposes a significant burden on global healthcare. Chronic infection is associated with progressive inflammation of the liver which typically manifests in cirrhosis, organ failure and cancer. By virtue of elaborate evasion strategies, hepatitis C virus (HCV) succeeds as a persistent human virus. It has an extraordinary capacity to subvert the immune response enabling it to establish chronic infections and associated liver disease. Chemokines are low molecular weight chemotactic peptides that mediate the recruitment of inflammatory cells into tissues and back into the lymphatics and peripheral blood. Thus, they are central to the temporal and spatial distribution of effector and regulatory immune cells. The interactions between chemokines and their cognate receptors help shape the immune response and therefore, have a major influence on the outcome of infection. However, chemokines represent a target for modulation by viruses including the HCV. HCV is known to modulate chemokine expression in vitro and may therefore enable its survival by subverting the immune response in vivo through altered leukocyte chemotaxis resulting in impaired viral clearance and the establishment of chronic low-grade inflammation. In this review, the roles of chemokines in acute and chronic HCV infection are described with a particular emphasis placed on chemokine modulation as a means of immune subversion. We provide an in depth discussion of the part played by chemokines in mediating hepatic fibrosis while addressing the potential applications for these chemoattractants in prognostic medicine.
Cellular & molecular immunology.Cell Mol Immunol.2014 Jan;11(1):25-40. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2013.37. Epub 2013 Aug 19.
Hepatitis C imposes a significant burden on global healthcare. Chronic infection is associated with progressive inflammation of the liver which typically manifests in cirrhosis, organ failure and cancer. By virtue of elaborate evasion strategies, hepatitis C virus (HCV) succeeds as a persistent huma
PMID 23954947

Japanese Journal

Innate Immune Reactions Against RNA Viruses in Renal Mesangial Cells

Imaizumi Tadaatsu,Aizawa Tomomi,Tanaka Hiroshi [他],Sato Fuyuki,Xing Fei,Matsumiya Tomoh,Yoshida Hidemi,Satoh Kei
弘前醫學 64(Supplement), S70-S73, 2013
… 　Viral infection is important in renal pathology both as a trigger of chronic inflammatory diseases and as a complication associated with organ transplantation. … In the signaling elicited by poly IC, the IFN-inducible genes include RIG-I and effector molecules as CCL5 with leukocyte chemotactic activity and ISG20 with exonuclease activity on single-stranded RNA. …
NAID 110009621640

The effect of regulatory T-cell depletion on the spectrum of organ-specific autoimmune diseases in nonobese diabetic mice at different ages.

Nakahara Mami,Nagayama Yuji,Ichikawa Tatsuki,Yu Liping,Eisenbarth George S,Abiru Norio
Autoimmunity 44(6), 504-510, 2011-09
… Imbalance between effector T cells (Teffs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) has recently been proposed as a mechanism for the disease pathogenesis in NOD mice, but previous studies have shown the various outcomes by different timing and methods of Treg-depletion. … This study was, therefore, designed to compare the consequences of Treg-depletion by the same method (anti-CD25 antibody) on the spectrum of organ-specific autoimmune diseases in NOD mice of different ages. …
NAID 120003751841

強皮症病態におけるマスト細胞の関与 : マスト細胞を標的とした治療の可能性

湯川宗之助,山岡邦宏,澤向範文,島尻正平,齋藤和義,田中良哉
日本臨床免疫学会会誌 = Japanese journal of clinical immunology 33(2), 81-86, 2010-04-28
強皮症は皮膚および内臓諸臓器の線維化と末梢循環障害を主徴とする結合織疾患である．原因は依然不明で，既存のステロイドや免疫抑制剤に抵抗性であり，皮膚線維化だけでなく臓器病変も含めた治療法の確立は急務である．一方，マスト細胞は寄生虫に対する防御機構やアレルギー性疾患などとの関与は良く知られているが，最近になり自然免疫から獲得免疫の移行に重要である事や関節リウマチの病態にも関与し治療標的の可能 …
NAID 10027753435