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any external parasitic organism (as fleas) (同)ectozoan, ectozoon, epizoan, epizoon

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/02/23 22:46:05」(JST)

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1. 駆虫薬療法 anthelminthic therapies

English Journal

Acute impacts of the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) infestation on reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) behaviour.

Kynkäänniemi SM1, Kettu M, Kortet R, Härkönen L, Kaitala A, Paakkonen T, Mustonen AM, Nieminen P, Härkönen S, Ylönen H, Laaksonen S.Author information 1Department of Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland, Sanna-Mari.Kynkaanniemi@student.oulu.fi.AbstractBlood-sucking ectoparasites have often a strong impact on the behaviour of their hosts. The annual insect harassment of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) has increased in the southern part of the Finnish reindeer herding area because of the recent invasion of a blood-feeding ectoparasitic louse-fly, the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi). We studied the impact of the deer ked on the behaviour of reindeer. Twelve reindeer were infested with a total of 300 keds/reindeer on six occasions in a 5-week period during the deer ked flight season in autumn, while six non-infested reindeer were used as controls. Behavioural patterns indicating potential stress were monitored by visual observation from August to December. The infested reindeer displayed more incidences of restless behaviour than the controls. Shaking and scratching were the most common forms of restless behaviour after infestation of deer keds. Increased grooming was also observed after the transplantation and also later, 1 month after the infestation. Based on the results, the deer ked infestation can cause acute behavioural disturbance in reindeer and, thus, could pose a potential threat to reindeer welfare. Antiparasitic treatment with, e.g. ivermectin, may increase the welfare of parasitized reindeer by reducing deer keds. If the deer ked infestation intensity on the reindeer herding area increases and restless behaviour of reindeer becomes more common, the present results can help in further evaluation of the duration and magnitude of behavioural changes.
Parasitology research.Parasitol Res.2014 Apr;113(4):1489-97. doi: 10.1007/s00436-014-3790-3. Epub 2014 Feb 23.
Blood-sucking ectoparasites have often a strong impact on the behaviour of their hosts. The annual insect harassment of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) has increased in the southern part of the Finnish reindeer herding area because of the recent invasion of a blood-feeding ectoparasitic louse-
PMID 24562815

A method for stable gene knock-down by RNA interference in larvae of the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis).

Eichner C1, Nilsen F2, Grotmol S2, Dalvin ST3.Author information 1SLCR-Sea Lice Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway. Electronic address: christiane.eichner@bio.uib.no.2SLCR-Sea Lice Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway.3SLCR-Sea Lice Research Center, Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway.AbstractThe salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), an ectoparasitic copepod of salmonid fish, is a major threat to aquaculture in Norway, Ireland, Scotland and Canada. Due to rise in resistance against existing pesticides, development of novel drugs or vaccines is necessary. Posttranscriptional gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi), when established in a high throughput system is a potential method for evaluation of molecular targets for new medical compounds or vaccine antigens. Successful use of RNAi has been reported in several stages of salmon lice. However, when we employed a previously described protocol for planktonic stages, no reproducible down-regulation of target genes was gained. In the present study, we describe a robust method for RNAi, where nauplius larvae are soaked in seawater added double stranded RNA (dsRNA). In order to test for when dsRNA may be introduced, and for the efficacy and duration of RNAi, we performed a series of experiments on accurately age determined larvae, ranging from the hatching egg to the copepodid with a salmon louse coatomer and a putative prostaglandin E synthase gene. Presumptive knock-down was monitored by real time PCR. Significant gene silencing was obtained only when nauplius I larvae were exposed to dsRNA during the period in which they molted to nauplius II. A knock down effect could be detected two days after soaking, and it remained stable until the last measurement, on day 12. Soaking nauplius I larvae, knock-down was verified for six additional genes with a putative role in molting. For one chitinase, a loss-of-function phenotype with abnormal swimming was obtained. Hence, RNAi, induced in the nauplius, may facilitate studies of the molecular biology of the louse, such as the function of specific genes in developmental processes and physiology, host recognition, host-parasite interaction, and, in extension, the engineering of novel medicines.
Experimental parasitology.Exp Parasitol.2014 Mar 13. pii: S0014-4894(14)00048-4. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.014. [Epub ahead of print]
The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), an ectoparasitic copepod of salmonid fish, is a major threat to aquaculture in Norway, Ireland, Scotland and Canada. Due to rise in resistance against existing pesticides, development of novel drugs or vaccines is necessary. Posttranscriptional gene silenc
PMID 24632188

Is parasite load dependent on host aggregation size? The case of the greater mouse-eared bat Myotis myotis (Mammalia: Chiroptera) and its parasitic mite Spinturnix myoti (Acari: Gamasida).

Postawa T1, Szubert-Kruszyńska A.Author information 1Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Science, Sławkowska 17, 31-016, Kraków, Poland, tpostawa@gmail.com.AbstractThe risk of parasite infection grows with the size of host aggregations, which, in turn, may also depend on host sex and age and the quality of environmental resources. Herein, we studied the relationship between ectoparasitic infections with the wing mite (Spinturnix myoti) and the size of the breeding colonies, sex, age, and body condition index (BCI) of its host, the greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis). The influence of environmental quality in the Carpathian Mountains (Poland) was also examined. We found significant differences in mite abundance and BCI between different breeding aggregations of the greater mouse-eared bat and also between the host sex/age categories. The most heavily infected bats were adult M. myotis females, while young males appeared to be the least infected. The BCI differed significantly between the sexes in young bats (males had a higher BCI than females) and also between colonies. No significant differences in the BCI were found for adult females. We did not find any relationship between the infestation rate of M. myotis, their colony size, the quality of environmental resources (percentage of forest cover around the colony), or the BCI. The prevalence of the various developmental stages of the mites did not differ between the host sex/age categories; however, differences were found in the sex ratios of deutonymphs and adult mites between adult M. myotis females. We predict that parasite load may not be dependent on colony size itself, but mainly on microclimatic factors, which are in turn directly correlated with colony size.
Parasitology research.Parasitol Res.2014 Mar 7. [Epub ahead of print]
The risk of parasite infection grows with the size of host aggregations, which, in turn, may also depend on host sex and age and the quality of environmental resources. Herein, we studied the relationship between ectoparasitic infections with the wing mite (Spinturnix myoti) and the size of the bree
PMID 24604385

Japanese Journal

岡山県における野生アライグマの初捕獲とその外部寄生性ダニ類および初撮影記録

小林秀司,中本敦,清水慶子 [他]
Naturalistae -(16) (-), 83-90, 2012-02
NAID 40019297585

The Global Epidemiology, Public Health Outcomes, Management, and Prevention of Re-Emerging Ectoparasitic Diseases

DIAZ James Herry
Tropical medicine and health 36(1), 1-10, 2008-03-01
… The ancient ectoparasitic diseases share many features in common with newly emerging infectious diseases, such as Lyme disease, including hyperendemic causative agents afforded selective advantages by changing ecological or socioeconomic conditions; … Over the past two decades, there have been several reports of outbreaks of ectoparasitic diseases, principally myiasis, scabies, and tungiasis, both in regional communities and in travelers returning from developing nations. …
NAID 10024174796

Life history of gnathiid isopods-current knowledge and future directions

Tanaka Katsuhiko
Plankton & benthos research 2(1), 1-11, 2007-02-01
… The difficulty in identifying larvae has prevented detailed examination of ectoparasitic behaviour. …
NAID 10018876226