ectomesenchyme

Ectomesenchyme
Details
Latin	ectomesenchyma; mesenchyma cristae neuralis
Identifiers
Code	TE E04..0.4.1.0.0.5
	Anatomical terminology

外胚葉性間葉組織

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/05 23:49:33」(JST)

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Ectomesenchyme has properties similar to mesenchyme. The origin of the ectomesenchyme is disputed. It is either like the mesenchyme, arising from mesodermic cells, or conversely arising from neural crest cells^[1] The neural crest is a critical group of cells that form in the cranial region during early vertebrate development. Ectomesenchyme plays a critical role in the formation of the hard and soft tissues of the head and neck such as bones, muscles, teeth, and, notably, the branchial arches.

References

^ Weston JA, Yoshida H, Robinson V, Nishikawa S, Fraser ST, Nishikawa S (2004). "Neural crest and the origin of ectomesenchyme: neural fold heterogeneity suggests an alternative hypothesis". Dev. Dyn. 229 (1): 118–30. doi:10.1002/dvdy.10478. PMID 14699583.

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English Journal

Three-dimensional self-assembling peptide matrix enhances the formation of embryoid bodies and their neuronal differentiation.

Li Q1, Chow KL, Chau Y.Author information 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Republic of China.AbstractWe have tailored the properties of a self-assembling peptide (SAP) matrix to direct embryonic stem cells towards neuronal differentiation by adopting a three-dimensional (3D) culture, matching mechanical strength with that of neural tissue, and incorporating fixed laminin-derived pentapeptide signals (IKVAV). We report here that such a matrix alone can induce mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to first develop into embryoid body (EB) and increase their propensity for subsequent neuronal differentiation. Embryoid bodies were observed by day 5 of culture in SAP matrix. βIII-tubulin as an early neuronal commitment marker was more prominently detected in cells cultured in the matrix containing IKVAV signals. Interestingly, ES-derived cells did not display distinct neuron morphology within the 3D culture; however, 55 ± 10% of those cells within IKVAV conjugated matrix and 38 ± 6% of those within base matrix displayed higher potential towards neuronal differentiation after 7 days. When retrieved and recultured on a tissue culture plate, they exhibited extended neurite outgrowths and networks in the absence of any additional neuronal differentiation growth factor. The up-regulated expression of neuronal development markers (MAP2 and MeCP2) and the down-regulation of glial marker (GFAP) support that further neuronal differentiation takes place upon reculture. The results showed that an artificial matrix composed of designer SAPs could prompt the formation of EB and provides the cues favoring neuronal differentiation of ES cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1991-2000, 2014.
Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.J Biomed Mater Res A.2014 Jun;102(6):1991-2000. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.34876. Epub 2013 Jul 30.
We have tailored the properties of a self-assembling peptide (SAP) matrix to direct embryonic stem cells towards neuronal differentiation by adopting a three-dimensional (3D) culture, matching mechanical strength with that of neural tissue, and incorporating fixed laminin-derived pentapeptide signal
PMID 23894036

Long-lasting, experience-dependent alcohol preference in Drosophila.

Peru Y Colón de Portugal RL1, Ojelade SA, Penninti PS, Dove RJ, Nye MJ, Acevedo SF, Lopez A, Rodan AR, Rothenfluh A.Author information 1Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Program in Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.AbstractTo understand the molecular and neural mechanisms underlying alcohol addiction, many models ranging from vertebrates to invertebrates have been developed. In Drosophila melanogaster, behavioral paradigms from assaying acute responses to alcohol and to behaviors more closely modeling addiction have emerged in recent years. However, both the CAFÉ assay, similar to a two-bottle choice consumption assay, as well as conditioned odor preference, where ethanol is used as the reinforcer, are labor intensive and have low throughput. To address this limitation, we have established a novel ethanol consumption preference assay, called FRAPPÉ, which allows for fast, high throughput measurement of consumption in individual flies, using a fluorescence plate reader. We show that naïve flies do not prefer to consume ethanol, but various pre-exposures, such as ethanol vapor or voluntary ethanol consumption, induce ethanol preference. This ethanol-primed preference is long lasting and is not driven by calories contained in ethanol during the consumption choice. Our novel experience-dependent model of ethanol preference in Drosophila-a highly genetically tractable organism-therefore recapitulates salient features of human alcohol abuse and will facilitate the molecular understanding of the development of alcohol preference.
Addiction biology.Addict Biol.2014 May;19(3):392-401. doi: 10.1111/adb.12105. Epub 2013 Oct 29.
To understand the molecular and neural mechanisms underlying alcohol addiction, many models ranging from vertebrates to invertebrates have been developed. In Drosophila melanogaster, behavioral paradigms from assaying acute responses to alcohol and to behaviors more closely modeling addiction have e
PMID 24164972

Establishing the pre-placodal region and breaking it into placodes with distinct identities.

Saint-Jeannet JP1, Moody SA2.Author information 1Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, College of Dentistry, 345 East 24th Street, New York City, NY 10010, USA. Electronic address: jsj4@nyu.edu.2Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 I (eye) Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA. Electronic address: samoody@gwu.edu.AbstractSpecialized sensory organs in the vertebrate head originate from thickenings in the embryonic ectoderm called cranial sensory placodes. These placodes, as well as the neural crest, arise from a zone of ectoderm that borders the neural plate. This zone separates into a precursor field for the neural crest that lies adjacent to the neural plate, and a precursor field for the placodes, called the pre-placodal region (PPR), that lies lateral to the neural crest. The neural crest domain and the PPR are established in response to signaling events mediated by BMPs, FGFs and Wnts, which differentially activate transcription factors in these territories. In the PPR, members of the Six and Eya families, act in part to repress neural crest specific transcription factors, thus solidifying a placode developmental program. Subsequently, in response to environmental cues the PPR is further subdivided into placodal territories with distinct characteristics, each expressing a specific repertoire of transcription factors that provide the necessary information for their progression to mature sensory organs. In this review we summarize recent advances in the characterization of the signaling molecules and transcriptional effectors that regulate PPR specification and its subdivision into placodal domains with distinct identities.
Developmental biology.Dev Biol.2014 May 1;389(1):13-27. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.02.011. Epub 2014 Feb 24.
Specialized sensory organs in the vertebrate head originate from thickenings in the embryonic ectoderm called cranial sensory placodes. These placodes, as well as the neural crest, arise from a zone of ectoderm that borders the neural plate. This zone separates into a precursor field for the neural
PMID 24576539