echovirus 9

ECHO virus
Virus classification
Group:	Group IV ((+)ssRNA)
Order:	Picornavirales
Family:	Picornaviridae
Genus:	Enterovirus
Species:	Enterovirus B
Subtype
	ECHO virus

エコーウイルス9

WordNet

any of a group of viruses associated with various diseases including viral meningitis and mild respiratory disorders and diarrhea in newborn infants

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/09 05:07:35」(JST)

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An ECHO (Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan) virus, is a type of RNA virus that belongs to the species Enterovirus B, genus Enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family.^[1] Echoviruses are found in the gastrointestinal tract (hence it being part of the enterovirus genus) and exposure to the virus causes other opportunistic infections and diseases.

History

The first isolation of echoviruses occurred from the faeces of asymptomatic children early in the 1950s, just after cell culturing had been developed. The echo– part of the name was originally an acronym for "enteric cytopathic human orphan" virus: Orphan virus means a virus that is not associated with any known disease. Even though Echoviruses have since been identified with various diseases, the original name is still used.^[2]

Description

Echovirus is highly infectious, and its primary target is children. The echovirus is among the leading causes of acute febrile illness in infants and young children, and is the most common cause of aseptic meningitis.^[3] Infection of an infant with this virus following birth may cause severe systemic diseases, and is associated with high infant mortality rates. The echovirus can mimic symptoms caused by other common bacterial and viral infections.

Viral structure and infection

An echovirus measures 24-30 nanometres (nm), and is similar to other viruses, since it has a naked protein capsid, which makes up 75% of the virus particle that encloses a dense central core of single-stranded RNA. This RNA has a length of approximately 7.5 kilobase (kb), contains an RNA replicase, viral-coded proteins, and a single polyprotein that is responsible for the formation of structural proteins and other proteins necessary for cellular replication. The structural proteins determine host range and play a very important role in delivering the RNA genome into the cytoplasm of new host cells.^[3]

Some viral replication of an echovirus occurs in the nasopharynx after infection and then spreads to regional lymph nodes. However, most viral particles are swallowed and they reach the lower gut tract, where the virus is presumed to bind to specific receptors. The virus then spreads to the lower intestinal tract, replicating but not causing any major cellular effects along the way. Next, the virus spreads to many secondary sites in the body such as the central nervous system, liver, spleen, bone marrow, heart and finally the lungs. Additional replication of the virus will occur, causing symptoms 4 to 6 days after infection. The most deadly part however is delayed when symptoms of a central nervous system disease start to appear. Enteroviruses are capable of infecting any cell in the body. These viruses are highly infectious. They can spread through the air to other hosts 1–3 weeks after infection and can spread through feces to other hosts eight weeks after infection.

Symptoms and diagnosis

Echovirus disease occurs disproportionately in males and children. Infection within the first two weeks of birth can cause devastating and potentially fatal disease. In this population, death usually results from overwhelming liver failure or myocarditis, rather than infection of the central nervous system. Older children and adults have a better prognosis. Myocarditis is the most frequent complication in adults.

Echovirus, like the other Enteroviruses Coxsackievirus A and B, typically causes a mild, nonspecific illness with a low fever. Echovirus may also produce a rash that spreads from the face down to the neck, upper extremities, and chest. Laboratory diagnosis is made with acute and convalescent titers of serum antibodies to Echovirus.

Cause of infection

Causes of echovirus infections (Acute meningitis) can be placed in several categories. Main causes of infection are from overcrowded conditions such as the poor districts of a city and poor hygiene. Echoviruses are transmitted person-to-person; the fecal-oral route is the predominant mode, although transmission sometimes occurs via respiration of oral secretions such as saliva. Indirect transmission occurs through numerous routes, including via contaminated water, food, and fomites (inanimate objects). Contaminated swimming and wading pools can also transmit the virus. Also, there are well-documented reports of transmission via the contaminated hands of hospital personnel.

Treatment

No specific treatment for echovirus infection is currently available. Care is directed at relief of symptoms. The anti-viral drug pleconaril interferes with the binding of the echovirus particle to the cell membrane and the drug also hinders the uncoating of virions by attaching itself to the viral protein capsid.^[3]

References

^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG, ed. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 537–9. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Yin-Murphy M, Almond JW (1996). Baron S et al., eds. Picornavirues. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ped/629 at eMedicine

UpToDate Contents

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1. エンテロウイルスおよびパレコウイルス感染の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of enterovirus and parechovirus infections
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3. エンテロウイルスおよびパレコウイルス感染症の疫学、病因、治療、および予防 epidemiology pathogenesis treatment and prevention of enterovirus and parechovirus infections
4. 免疫能の正常な患者における発熱および発疹 fever and rash in the immunocompetent patient
5. 関節炎の原因となる特定のウイルス specific viruses that cause arthritis

English Journal

Localized exanthem due to echovirus 9.

Drago F1, Ciccarese G1, Broccolo F2, Toniolo A3, Javor S1, Parodi A1.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2015 Sep;87(9):1447-8. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24204. Epub 2015 Apr 28.
PMID 25919440

Clinical, epidemiological and etiological studies of adult aseptic meningitis: Report of 13 cases with mumps meningitis.

Takeshima S1, Yoshimoto T, Shiga Y, Kanaya Y, Neshige S, Himeno T, Kono R, Takamatsu K, Shimoe Y, Kuriyama M.
Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology.Rinsho Shinkeigaku.2015 Jul 7. [Epub ahead of print]
We experienced 13 cases (29.8 ± 7.0 years) of mumps meningitis and 365 cases of adult aseptic meningitis during 11 years from 2004 to 2014. A small epidemic of mumps occurred for 3-4 years, and the incidence rate of adult mumps meningitis coincided with the epidemic without seasonal fluctuation. Pa
PMID 26156258

Prevalence of Coxsackievirus A6 and Enterovirus 71 in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Nanjing, China in 2013.

Hu YQ1, Xie GC, Li DD, Pang LL, Xie J, Wang P, Chen Y, Yang J, Cheng WX, Zhang Q, Jin Y, Duan ZJ.
The Pediatric infectious disease journal.Pediatr Infect Dis J.2015 Jun 18. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Although hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has been strongly associated with enterovirus 71(EV71), coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), and other enteroviruses, studies regarding coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) infection in HFMD are limited. The aim of this study was to identify the major etiological
PMID 26090576

Japanese Journal

Laboratory and Epidemiology Communications : High Incidence of Human Echovirus Type 3 among Children in Osaka, Japan during the Summer of 2010

Sekiguchi Jun-ichiro,Kubo Hideyuki,Kaida Atsushi [他]
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 64(6), 533-535, 2011-11-00
NAID 40019126201

Laboratory and epidemiology communications: Endemic transmission of echovirus 30 in Toyama, Japan in 2010 is verified by environmental surveillance

Iwai Masae,Horimoto Eiji,Obara Mayumi [他]
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 64(2), 165-167, 2011-03-00
NAID 40018775778

エコーウイルス30型髄膜炎における髄液および血清中サイトカイン/ケモカイン解析

浅田和豊,中野貴司,松野紋子 [他],田中孝明,伊東宏明,一見良司,菅秀,藤澤隆夫,庵原俊昭
日本小児科学会雑誌 114(3), 479-484, 2010-03-01
NAID 10026277563

Related Pictures

[Sherris-1] Ryan KJ; Ray CG, ed. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 537–9. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

[Baron-2] Yin-Murphy M, Almond JW (1996). Baron S et al., eds. Picornavirues. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.

[eMed_629-3] ped/629 at eMedicine

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