discontinuous variation

• 突然変異

関

mutate、mutation

WordNet

1. (genetics) any event that changes genetic structure; any alteration in the inherited nucleic acid sequence of the genotype of an organism (同)genetic mutation, chromosomal_mutation
2. a change or alteration in form or qualities
3. undergo mutation; "cells mutate"
4. (astronomy) any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite (especially a perturbation of the earths moon)
5. the process of varying or being varied
6. an activity that varies from a norm or standard; "any variation in his routine was immediately reported" (同)variance
7. an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard; "he patented a variation on the sandal"
8. the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard; "who is responsible for these variations in taxation?"
9. an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change (同)fluctuation
10. a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished
11. of a function or curve; possessing one or more discontinuities
12. not continuing without interruption in time or space; "discontinuous applause"; "the landscape was a discontinuous mosaic of fields and forest areas"; "he received a somewhat haphazard and discontinuous schooling" (同)noncontinuous

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 変化,俸転 / (生物の)突然変異;その変種
2. 変化する / 変種を生じる / 〈言語が〉雑音変異する / …‘を'変化させる
3. {U}『変化(変動)すること』 / {C}(個々の)変化;変化の量(程度) / {C}変形,変わり種;(生物の)変種 / {C}(…の)変奏曲《+on+名》
4. とぎれた,不連続の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/15 10:26:54」(JST)

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Natura non facit saltus (Latin for "nature does not make jumps") has been a principle of natural philosophy since at least Aristotle's time. It appears as an axiom in the works of Gottfried Leibniz (New Essays, IV, 16) and Isaac Newton,^{[citation needed]} the co-inventors of the infinitesimal calculus (see Law of Continuity). It is also an essential element of Charles Darwin's treatment of natural selection in his Origin of Species. The phrase comes from Linnaeus' Philosophia Botanica.

The principle expresses the idea that natural things and properties change gradually, rather than suddenly. In a mathematical context, this allows one to assume that the governing equations are continuous, and also differentiable to some degree. Modern day quantum mechanics is sometimes seen as violating the principle, with its idea of a quantum leap. Erwin Schroedinger in his objections to quantum jumps supported the principle.

In the biological context, the principle was used by Charles Darwin and others to defend the evolutionary postulate that all species develop from earlier species through gradual and minute changes rather than through the sudden emergence of new forms. Modern evolutionary biology has terminology suggesting both continuous change, such as genetic drift, and discontinuous variation, such as mutation. However, as the basic structure of DNA is discrete, nature is now widely understood to make jumps at the biological level, if only on a very small scale.

Natura non facit saltum is the epigraph of Alfred Marshall's Principles of Economics. An admirer of Herbert Spencer, Marshall intended the epigraph both to proclaim his adherence to evolutionary thought and to justify his use of differential calculus as an analytical tool—a use seen in all the seminal thinkers of neoclassical economics.

The spelling variation (saltus vs. saltum) displays a mere numeral difference; because the Latin noun saltus, meaning "leap", belongs to the quite rare 4th declension; so its singular accusative is saltum (leap), while the plural is saltus (leaps).

Variant forms

The principle is also variously referred to as:

• Natura in operationibus suis non facit saltum (transl.: "Nature in its operations doesn 't make a (any) jump") — 1613 appearance of a similar quote.
• Natura non saltum facit (literally, "nature does not a jump make") — variant form used by Gottfried Leibniz.
• Die Natur macht keine Sprünge — German translation of the phrase.

See also

• In biology
  • Anagenesis
  • Cladogenesis
  • Phyletic gradualism
  • Punctuated equilibrium
  • Punctuated gradualism
  • Quantum evolution
  • Saltation (biology)
  • Stephen Jay Gould
• Continuous variation
• Continuum mechanics
• Mathematical concepts of "not making jumps":
  • Continuous function
  • Differentiable function
  • Discontinuous
  • Discrete mathematics vs mathematical analysis
  • Smooth function

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 遺伝的変異の概要 overview of genetic variation
• 2. 遺伝性疾患の基本原則 basic principles of genetic disease
• 3. 輸血によるHIV感染およびAIDS transfusion transmitted hiv infection and aids
• 4. 分子遺伝学の原理 principles of molecular genetics
• 5. 複合形質の遺伝の原則 principles of complex trait genetics

English Journal

• Phylogenetic relationships of the operculate land snail genus Cyclophorus Montfort, 1810 in Thailand.

• Nantarat N, Tongkerd P, Sutcharit C, Wade CM, Naggs F, Panha S.Author information Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. Electronic address: n_nantarat@yahoo.com.AbstractOperculate land snails of the genus Cyclophorus are distributed widely in sub-tropical and tropical Asia. Shell morphology is traditionally used for species identification in Cyclophorus but their shells exhibit considerable variation both within and between populations; species limits have been extremely difficult to determine and are poorly understood. Many currently recognized species have discontinuous distributions over large ranges but geographical barriers and low mobility of snails are likely to have led to long periods of isolation resulting in cryptic speciation of allopatric populations. As a contribution towards solving these problems, we reconstructed the molecular phylogeny of 87 Cyclophorus specimens, representing 29 nominal species (of which one was represented by four subspecies), plus three related out-group species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses were used to investigate geographic limits and speciation scenarios. The analyses of COI, 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA gene fragments were performed using neighbour-joining (NJ), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. All the obtained phylogenetic trees were congruent with each other and in most cases confirmed the species level classification. However, at least three nominate species were polyphyletic. Both C. fulguratus and C. volvulus appear to be species complexes, suggesting that populations of these species from different geographical areas of Thailand are cryptic species. C. aurantiacus pernobilis is distinct and likely to be a different species from the other members of the C. aurantiacus species complex.
• Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.Mol Phylogenet Evol.2014 Jan;70:99-111. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.013. Epub 2013 Sep 27.
• Operculate land snails of the genus Cyclophorus are distributed widely in sub-tropical and tropical Asia. Shell morphology is traditionally used for species identification in Cyclophorus but their shells exhibit considerable variation both within and between populations; species limits have been ext
• PMID 24076249

• Epigenetic regulation of the Plasmodium falciparum genome.

• Duffy MF, Selvarajah SA, Josling GA, Petter M.AbstractRecent research has highlighted some unique aspects of chromatin biology in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. During its erythrocytic lifecycle P. falciparum maintains its genome primarily as unstructured euchromatin. Indeed there is no clear role for chromatin-mediated silencing of the majority of the developmentally expressed genes in P. falciparum. However discontinuous stretches of heterochromatin are critical for variegated expression of contingency genes that mediate key pathogenic processes in malaria. These range from invasion of erythrocytes and antigenic variation to solute transport and growth adaptation in response to environmental changes. Despite lack of structure within euchromatin the nucleus maintains functional compartments that regulate expression of many genes at the nuclear periphery, particularly genes with clonally variant expression. The typical components of the chromatin regulatory machinery are present in P. falciparum; however, some of these appear to have evolved novel species-specific functions, e.g. the dynamic regulation of histone variants at virulence gene promoters. The parasite also appears to have repeatedly acquired chromatin regulatory proteins through lateral transfer from endosymbionts and from the host. P. falciparum chromatin regulators have been successfully targeted with multiple drugs in laboratory studies; hopefully their functional divergence from human counterparts will allow the development of parasite-specific inhibitors.
• Briefings in functional genomics.Brief Funct Genomics.2013 Dec 10. [Epub ahead of print]
• Recent research has highlighted some unique aspects of chromatin biology in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. During its erythrocytic lifecycle P. falciparum maintains its genome primarily as unstructured euchromatin. Indeed there is no clear role for chromatin-mediated silencing of the ma
• PMID 24326119

• Relative performance of biofilm configuration over suspended growth operation on azo dye based wastewater treatment in periodic discontinuous batch mode operation.

• Venkata Mohan S, Nagendranatha Reddy C, Naresh Kumar A, Annie Modestra J.Author information Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India; Bioengineering and Environmental Centre (BEEC), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India. Electronic address: vmohan_s@yahoo.com.AbstractFunctional role of biofilm and suspended growth bioreactor configurations in response to the treatment of azo-dye (C.I. Acid Black 10B) bearing wastewater was evaluated in periodic discontinuous batch mode operation at varying dye concentrations. The biofilm system depicted higher dye removal efficiency (93.14%) compared to suspended mode (84.29%) at 350 mg dye/l operation. Both the reactor configurations did not show much process inhibition at higher dye loads studied. Azo reductase and dehydrogenase enzyme activities showed significant variation indicating the different metabolic capabilities of the native-microflora, stable proton shuttling between metabolic intermediates and differences in the delivery of reducing powers from the substrate metabolism towards dye removal. Voltammograms visualized marked variations in electron discharge properties with the function of reactor configuration, time intervals and dye load. Higher redox catalytic currents, lower Tafel slopes and polarization resistance showed good correlation with enzyme activities and dye removal.
• Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2013 Nov;147:424-33. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.126. Epub 2013 Jul 31.
• Functional role of biofilm and suspended growth bioreactor configurations in response to the treatment of azo-dye (C.I. Acid Black 10B) bearing wastewater was evaluated in periodic discontinuous batch mode operation at varying dye concentrations. The biofilm system depicted higher dye removal effici
• PMID 24012732

Japanese Journal

• Two Tests for Jumps in High Frequency Financial Time Series : Simulation and Empirical Application

• Maekawa Koichi,Lu Xinhong
• 広島経済大学経済研究論集 35(1), 11-20, 2012-06
• … We often observe significant discontinuous variations, so-called jumps, in financial time series but empirically it is not easy to distinguish between a large variation and a discontinuous jump. …
• NAID 40019380083

• 東京東北部のアクセント : 2拍名詞における音調実態と年層差・地域差

• 林 直樹
• 日本語の研究 8(2), 15-30, 2012-04-01
• 埼玉特殊アクセントとの連続性が指摘されている東京東北部アクセントの実態を明らかにするため,当該地域生育者87人分のリスト読み上げ式データを用いて分析を行った。当該地域アクセントの1)音調実態,2)年層差,3)地域差の3つの観点から分析を試みたところ,東京東北部全体は共通語化・東京中心部化しつつも,埼玉特殊アクセント的特徴である「型のゆれ」や「IV V類尾高型」が残存する傾向にあった。この残存傾向は …
• NAID 110009517517

• Surface Electronic Properties of Discontinuous Pd Films during Hydrogen Exposure

• Zhao Ming,Nagata Shinji,Shikama Tatsuo [他],Inouye Aichi,Yamamoto Shunya,Yoshikawa Masahito
• Jpn J Appl Phys 50(1), 01BE08-01BE08-4, 2011-01-25
• … This paper explored the change in the surface resistance of the discontinuous palladium (Pd) films during hydrogen exposure. … In our experiments, we observed a remarkable rise in the electrical resistance of the discontinuous film which consists of nano-sized particles, when it was exposed to thin hydrogen. …
• NAID 150000055213

Related Links

• Discontinuous variation?

I have to do a Science presentation on Discontinuous variation, Not Continuous. I know what it means... ... Discontinuous variation, in a simple way, is the way one-gene traits with dominant and recessive alleles are ...

• discontinuous variation – Dictionary definition of discontinuous ...

discontinuous variation (qualitative variation) Clearly defined differences in a characteristic that can be observed in a population. Characteristics that are determined by different alleles at a single locus show discontinuous variation, e.g ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「mutate」
関連記事	「variation」「discontinuous」

「mutate」

　　[★]

• v.

• 変異する、突然変異する、変異導入する

関

discontinuous variation、mutant、mutation、transmutation、variant、variation、variational

　 　

「variation」

　　[★]

• 変動、バリエーション、差異、変化、変異、異形、変分

関

alter、alteration、change、difference、disparity、distinction、fluctuate、fluctuation、heteromorphic、heteromorphy、mutant、mutate、mutation、oscillate、shift、transmutation、turn、turn to、variance、variant、variational、vary

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「discontinuous」

　　[★]

• 非連続的な、不連続な

関

discontinuity、discontinuously、nonsequential