| Diathermy |
| Intervention |
| ICD-9-CM |
93.34 |
| MeSH |
D003972 |
In the natural sciences, the term diathermy [di´ah-ther″me] means "electrically induced heat" the use of high-frequency electromagnetic currents as a form of physical or occupational therapy and in surgical procedures. The term diathermy is derived from the Greek words dia and therma, and literally means “heating through.” adj., adj diather´mal, diather´mic.
It is commonly used for muscle relaxation. It is also a method of heating tissue electromagnetically or ultrasonically for therapeutic purposes in medicine. Diathermy is used in physical therapy and occupational therapy to deliver moderate heat directly to pathologic lesions in the deeper tissues of the body.
Diathermy, whether achieved using short-wave radio frequency (range 1–100 MHz) or microwave energy (range 434–915 MHz), exerts physical effects and elicits a spectrum of physiological responses, the two methods differing mainly for their penetration capability.[1]
Surgically, the extreme heat that can be produced by diathermy may be used to destroy neoplasms, warts, and infected tissues, and to cauterize blood vessels to prevent excessive bleeding. The technique is particularly valuable in neurosurgery and surgery of the eye.
|
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Physical therapy uses
- 2.1 Ultrasound
- 2.2 Short wave
- 2.3 Microwave
- 3 Surgical uses
- 4 Diathermy risks
- 5 Trivia
- 6 See also
- 7 References
|
History [edit]
Diathermy was used for the first time in gynecology by the Spanish doctor Celedonio Calatayud in 1910.
Physical therapy uses [edit]
The three forms of diathermy employed by physical and occupational therapists are ultrasound, short wave and microwave. The application of moderate heat by diathermy increases blood flow and speeds up metabolism and the rate of ion diffusion across cellular membranes. The fibrous tissues in tendons, joint capsules, and scars are more easily stretched when subjected to heat, thus facilitating the relief of stiffness of joints and promoting relaxation of the muscles and decrease of muscle spasms.
Ultrasound [edit]
Ultrasound diathermy employs high-frequency acoustic vibrations which, when propelled through the tissues, are converted into heat. This type of diathermy is especially useful in the delivery of heat to selected musculatures and structures because there is a difference in the sensitivity of various fibers to the acoustic vibrations; some are more absorptive and some are more reflective. For example, in subcutaneous fat, relatively little energy is converted into heat, but in muscle tissues there is a much higher rate of conversion to heat.
The therapeutic ultrasound apparatus generates a high-frequency alternating current, which is then converted into acoustic vibrations. The apparatus is moved slowly across the surface of the part being treated. Ultrasound is a very effective agent for the application of heat, but it should be used only by a therapist who is fully aware of its potential hazards and the contraindications for its use.
Short wave [edit]
Short wave diathermy machines utilize two condenser plates that are placed on either side of the body part to be treated. Another mode of application is by induction coils that are pliable and can be molded to fit the part of the body under treatment. As the high-frequency waves travel through the body tissues between the condensers or the coils, they are converted into heat. The degree of heat and depth of penetration depend in part on the absorptive and resistance properties of the tissues that the waves encounter.
The frequencies allowed for short wave diathermy in the United States is controlled by the Federal Communications Commission. The frequencies assigned for short wave diathermy operations are 13.66, 27.33, and 40.98 megahertz. Most commercial machines operate at a frequency of 27.33 megahertz, a wavelength of approximately 11 meters.
Short wave diathermy usually is prescribed for treatment of deep muscles and joints that are covered with a heavy soft-tissue mass, for example, the hip. In some instances short wave diathermy may be applied to localize deep inflammatory processes, as in pelvic inflammatory disease.
Microwave [edit]
Microwave diathermy uses radar waves, which are of higher frequency and shorter wavelength than radio waves. Most, if not all, of the therapeutic effects of microwave therapy are related to the conversion of energy into heat and its distribution throughout the body tissues. This mode of diathermy is considered to be the easiest to use, but the microwaves have a relatively poor depth of penetration.
Microwaves cannot be used in high dosage on edematous tissue, over wet dressings, or near metallic implants in the body because of the danger of local burns. Microwaves and short waves cannot be used on or near persons with implanted electronic cardiac pacemakers.
Hyperthermia induced by microwave diathermy raises the temperature of deep tissues from 41°C to 45°C using electromagnetic power. The biological mechanism that regulates the relationship between the thermal dose and the healing process of soft tissues with low or high water content or with low or high blood perfusion is still under study. Microwave diathermy treatment at 434 and 915 MHz can be effective in the short-term management of musculo-skeletal injuries.
Hyperthermia is safe if the temperature is kept under 45°C. The absolute temperature is, however, not sufficient to predict the damage that it may produce.
Microwave diathermy-induced hyperthermia produced short-term pain relief in established supraspinatus tendinopathy.
The physical characteristics of most of the devices used clinically to heat tissues have been proved to be inefficient to reach the necessary therapeutic heating patterns in the range of depth of the damage tissue. The preliminary studies performed with new microwave devices working at 434 MHz have demonstrated encouraging results. Nevertheless, adequately designed prospective-controlled clinical studies need to be completed to confirm the therapeutic effectiveness of hyperthermia with large number of patients, longer-term follow-up and mixed populations.[2]
Microwave diathermy is used in the management of superficial tumours with conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Hyperthermia has been used in oncology for more than 35 years, in addition to radiotherapy, in the management of different tumours. In 1994, hyperthermia has been introduced in several countries of the European Union as a modality for use in physical medicine and sports traumatology. its use has been successfully extended to physical medicine and sports traumatology in Central and Southern Europe.
Surgical uses [edit]
Surgical diathermy is usually better known as "electrosurgery." (It is also referred to occasionally as "electrocautery", but see disambiguation below). Electrosurgery and surgical diathermy involve the use of high frequency A.C. electrical current in surgery as either a cutting modality, or else to cauterize small blood vessels to stop bleeding. This technique induces localized tissue burning and damage, the zone of which is controlled by the frequency and power of the device. Some sources[3] insist that electrosurgery be applied to surgery accomplished by high frequency alternating current (AC) cutting, and that "electrocautery" be used only for the practice of cauterization with heated nichrome wires powered by direct current (DC), as in the handheld battery-operated portable cautery tools.
Diathermy risks [edit]
As with all forms of heat applications, care must be taken to avoid burns during diathermy treatments, especially to patients with decreased sensitivity to heat and cold. With electrocautery there have been reported cases of flash fires in the operating theatre related to heat generation meeting chemical flash points, especially in the presence of increased oxygen concentrations associated with anaesthetic.
Concerns have also been raised regarding the toxicity of surgical smoke produced by electrocautery. This has been shown to contain chemicals which may cause harm by inhalation by the patients, surgeon or operating theatre staff.[4]
Trivia [edit]
Medical diathermy devices were used to cause interference to German radio beams used for targeting nighttime bombing raids in World War II during the Battle of the Beams.
See also [edit]
- Dielectric heating
- Heat therapy
- Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy
- TDP lamp
References [edit]
- ^ Mark Dutton (11 May 2011). Physical Therapist Assistant Exam Review Guide. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 468–. ISBN 978-0-7637-9757-7. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ^ Giombini, A.; Giovannini, V.; Cesare, A. D.; Pacetti, P.; Ichinoseki-Sekine, N.; Shiraishi, M.; Naito, H.; Maffulli, N. (2007). "Hyperthermia induced by microwave diathermy in the management of muscle and tendon injuries". British Medical Bulletin 83: 379–96. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldm020. PMID 17942453.
- ^ Valleylab article on Principles of Electrosurgery/Electrocautery
- ^ Fitzgerald, J. Edward F.; Malik, Momin; Ahmed, Irfan (2011). "A single-blind controlled study of electrocautery and ultrasonic scalpel smoke plumes in laparoscopic surgery". Surgical Endoscopy 26 (2): 337–42. doi:10.1007/s00464-011-1872-1. PMID 21898022.
|
Physical therapy and rehabilitation (ICD-9-CM V3 93, ICD-10-PCS F)
|
|
| Physical rehabilitation disciplines |
- Physical therapy
- Occupational therapy
- Speech and language pathology
|
|
| Education |
- Doctor of Physical Therapy
- Master of Physical Therapy
- Physical therapy education
|
|
| Intervention techniques |
- Cryotherapy
- Debridement
- Diathermy
- Eccentric training
- Electrotherapy
- Fluidotherapy
- Gait training
- Heat therapy (Thermotherapy)
- Hydrotherapy
- Iontophoresis
- Joint manipulation
- Joint mobilization
- Soft tissue therapy
- Splint (medicine)
- Strength training
- Traction (orthopedics)
- Therapeutic ultrasound
|
|
| Professional associations and regulatory agencies |
- American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties
- American Occupational Therapy Association
- American Physical Therapy Association
- American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
- Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education
- Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy
- World Confederation of Physical Therapy
- World Federation of Occupational Therapists
|
|
| Other related articles |
- Allied health professions
- Assistive technology
- Disability
- Evidence-based practice
- Pain management
- Physical therapy practice act
|
|
