可動関節
WordNet
- come into the company of; "She joined him for a drink"
- cause to become joined or linked; "join these two parts so that they fit together" (同)bring together
- make contact or come together; "The two roads join here" (同)conjoin
- become part of; become a member of a group or organization; "He joined the Communist Party as a young man" (同)fall_in, get together
- united or combined; "a joint session of Congress"; "joint owners"
- marijuana leaves rolled into a cigarette for smoking (同)marijuana cigarette, reefer, stick, spliff
- a disreputable place of entertainment
- junction by which parts or objects are joined together
- (anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion) (同)articulation, articulatio
- provide with a joint; "the carpenter jointed two pieces of wood" (同)articulate
- affecting or involving two or more; "joint income-tax return"; "joint ownership"
- fasten with a joint
- fit as if by joints; "The boards fit neatly"
- involving both houses of a legislature; "a joint session of Congress"
- separate (meat) at the joint
- the act of bringing two things into contact (especially for communication); "the joining of hands around the table"; "there was a connection via the internet" (同)connection, connexion
- having joints or jointed segments;
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈二つ以上のもの〉‘を'『つなぐ』,結合する《+『名』+『together』(『up』)》;(…に)…‘を'つなぐ《+『名』+『to』(『onto』)+『名』》 / (線などで)〈二つ以上のもの〉‘の'間を結ぶ(つなぐ)《+『名』+『by』(『with』)+『名』》 / (友情・結婚などで)〈人〉‘を'結びつける《+『名』+『in』+『名』》 / 〈川・道などが〉…‘と'いっしょになる,合流する / 〈会など〉‘に'『加入する』 / (…で)〈人〉‘の'『仲間に入る』,‘と'いっしょになる《+『名』〈人〉+『in』(『for』)+『名』,+『名』〈人〉+『in』do『ing』》 / (…に)『加わる』《+『in』+『名』〈事〉/+『in』 『with』+『名』〈人〉》 / (人と…を)『ともにする』《+『with』+『名』〈人〉+『in』+『名』(doing)》 / 〈川・道などが〉『いっしょになる』,合流する / 接合箇所(点,面,線);継ぎ目
- 『関節』 / 『継ぎ目』,接合箇所,合わせ目 / 継ぎ目と継ぎ目の間の部分,節 / (二つの部分を継いだり支えたりするのに用いる)継ぎ手,ジョイント / (枝や葉の)つけ根,節 / (骨付きの)肉の大切り身 / 《俗》安酒場,とばく宿,アヘン窟(くつ) / 『共同の』,共有の;連帯の,連合の / 両院合同の;二院制議会の両院の / …‘を'継ぎ合わせる;…‘を'継ぎ目(関節)でつなぐ / …‘を'継ぎ目で分ける;〈鳥・肉など〉‘を'関節で切り分ける
- 継ぎ目のある;関節のある
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/10/11 16:59:27」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
A synovial joint, also known as a diarthrosis, is the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal. As with most other joints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones.
Structural and functional differences distinguish synovial joints from cartilaginous joints (synchondroses and symphyses) and fibrous joints (sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses). The main structural differences between synovial and fibrous joints are the existence of capsules surrounding the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint and the presence of lubricating synovial fluid within those capsules (synovial cavities).
Contents
- 1 Structure
- 2 Blood supply
- 3 Movements possible
- 4 Types
- 5 Factors influencing joint stability
- 6 References
Structure[edit]
Synovial joints contain the following structures:
- Synovial cavity: all diarthroses have this characteristic space between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid
- Articular capsule: the fibrous capsule, continuous with the periosteum of articulating bones, surrounds the diarthrosis and unites the articulating bones; the articular capsule consists of two layers - (1) the outer fibrous membrane that may contain ligaments and (2) the inner synovial membrane that secretes the lubricating, shock absorbing, and joint-nourishing synovial fluid; the articular capsule is highly innervated, but avascular (lacking blood and lymph vessels), and receives nutrition from the surrounding blood supply via either diffusion (a slow process) or by convection, a far more efficient process achieved through exercise
- Articular cartilage: the bones of a synovial joint are covered by this layer of hyaline cartilage that lines the epiphyses of joint end of bone with a smooth, slippery surface that does not bind them together; articular cartilage functions to absorb shock and reduce friction during movement
Many, but not all, synovial joints also contain additional structures:[1]
- Articular discs or menisci - the fibrocartilage pads between opposing surfaces in a joint
- Articular fat pads - adipose tissue pads that protect the articular cartilage, as seen in the infrapatellar fat pad in the knee
- Tendons[1] - cords of dense regular connective tissue composed of parallel bundles of collagen fibers
- Accessory ligaments (extracapsular and intracapsular) - the fibers of some fibrous membranes are arranged in parallel bundles of dense regular connective tissue that are highly adapted for resisting strains to prevent extreme movements that may damage the articulation[citation needed]
- Bursae - saclike structures that are situated strategically to alleviate friction in some joints (shoulder and knee) that are filled with fluid that is similar to synovial fluid[2][page needed]
The bone surrounding the joint on the proximal side is sometimes called the plafond, especially in the talocrural joint. A damage to this occurs in a Gosselin fracture.
Blood supply[edit]
The blood supply of a synovial joint is derived from the arteries sharing in the anastomosis around the joint.
Movements possible[edit]
The movements possible with synovial joints are:
- abduction: movement away from the mid-line of the body
- adduction: movement toward the mid-line of the body
- extension: straightening limbs at a joint
- flexion: bending the limbs at a joint
- rotation: a circular movement around a fixed point
Types[edit]
There are six types of synovial joints.[3] Some are relatively immobile, but are more stable. Others have multiple degrees of freedom, but at the expense of greater risk of injury.[3] In ascending order of mobility, they are:
Name |
Example |
Description |
Gliding joints (or planar joints) |
carpals of the wrist, acromioclavicular joint |
These joints allow only gliding or sliding movements |
Hinge joints |
elbow (between the humerus and the ulna) |
These joints act as a door hinge does, allowing flexion and extension in just one plane |
Pivot joints |
atlanto-axial joint, proximal radioulnar joint, and distal radioulnar joint |
One bone rotates about another |
Condyloid joints (or ellipsoidal joints) |
wrist joint (radiocarpal joint) temporomandibular joint |
A condyloid joint is where two bones fit together with an odd[citation needed] shape (e.g. an ellipse), and one bone is concave, the other convex; some classifications make a distinction between condyloid and ellipsoid joints;[4][5] these joints allow flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements (circumduction). |
Saddle joints |
Carpometacarpal or trapeziometacarpal joint of thumb (between the metacarpal and carpal - trapezium), sternoclavicular joint |
Saddle joints, which resemble a saddle, permit the same movements as the condyloid joints but allow greater movement |
Ball and socket joints
"universal Joint"
|
shoulder (glenohumeral) and hip joints |
These allow for all movements except gliding |
Compound joints[6][7] / modified hinge joints[citation needed] |
knee joint |
condylar joint (condyles of femur join with condyles of tibia) and saddle joint (lower end of femur joins with patella) |
Factors influencing joint stability[edit]
- The shape of articular surfaces
- Capsule and ligaments
- Muscle tone
- Gravity
- Atmospheric pressure
References[edit]
- ^ a b Drake et al. (2009) Gray's Anatomy for Students, 2nd Edition, Skeletal system, p.21
- ^ Tortora & Derrickson () Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, 12th Edition, Pub: Wiley & Sons
- ^ a b Umich 2010 couse, Module - Introduction to Joints
- ^ Rogers, Kara (2010) Bone and Muscle: Structure, Force, and Motion p.157
- ^ Sharkey, John (2008) The Concise Book of Neuromuscular Therapy p.33
- ^ Moini (2011) Introduction to Pathology for the Physical Therapist Assistant pp.231-2
- ^ The Biophysical Foundations Of Human Movement (2005) By Bruce Abernethy pp.23, 331
Joints (TA A03.0, TH H3.02, GA 3.284)
|
|
Types |
- fibrous: Gomphosis
- Suture
- Syndesmosis
- Interosseous membrane
- cartilaginous: Synchondrosis
- Symphysis
- synovial: Plane joint
- 1°
- 2°
- Condyloid joint
- Saddle joint
- 3°
- by range of motion: Synarthrosis
- Amphiarthrosis
- Diarthrosis
|
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Terminology |
- Kinesiology
- Anatomical terms of motion
- Agonist/Antagonist
|
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Motions |
- general: Flexion/Extension
- Adduction/Abduction
- Internal rotation/External rotation
- Elevation/Depression
- specialized/upper limbs: Protraction/Retraction
- Supination/Pronation
- specialized/lower limbs: Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion
- Eversion/Inversion
|
|
Components |
- capsular: Articular capsule
- Synovial membrane
- Fibrous membrane
- Synovial fluid
- Synovial bursa
- Articular disk/Meniscus
- extracapsular: Ligament
- Enthesis
|
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noco (arth/defr/back/soft)/cong, sysi/epon, injr
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Toward patient-specific articular contact mechanics.
- Ateshian GA1, Henak CR2, Weiss JA3.
- Journal of biomechanics.J Biomech.2015 Mar 18;48(5):779-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.12.020. Epub 2014 Dec 18.
- The mechanics of contacting cartilage layers is fundamentally important to understanding the development, homeostasis and pathology of diarthrodial joints. Because of the highly nonlinear nature of both the materials and the contact problem itself, numerical methods such as the finite element method
- PMID 25698236
- Fabrication of tissue engineered osteochondral grafts for restoring the articular surface of diarthrodial joints.
- Roach BL1, Hung CT1, Cook JL2, Ateshian GA3, Tan AR4.
- Methods (San Diego, Calif.).Methods.2015 Mar 17. pii: S1046-2023(15)00114-0. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.03.008. [Epub ahead of print]
- Osteochondral allograft implantation is an effective cartilage restoration technique for large defects (>10cm2), though the demand far exceeds the supply of available quality donor tissue. Large bilayered engineered cartilage tissue constructs with accurate anatomical features (i.e. contours, thi
- PMID 25794950
- Wavelength-dependent penetration depth of near infrared radiation into cartilage.
- Padalkar MV1, Pleshko N.
- The Analyst.Analyst.2015 Mar 16;140(7):2093-100. doi: 10.1039/c4an01987c.
- Articular cartilage is a hyaline cartilage that lines the subchondral bone in the diarthrodial joints. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is emerging as a nondestructive modality for the evaluation of cartilage pathology; however, studies regarding the depth of penetration of NIR radiation into cartil
- PMID 25630381
Japanese Journal
- J0210205 MRIを用いた中手指節関節における接触領域の生体内解析([J021-02]診療技術と臨床バイオメカニクスセッション(2))
- 年次大会 : Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2014, "J0210205-1"-"J0210205-5", 2014-09-07
- NAID 110009943461
- J024044 関節の弾性接触に対する理論解([J024-04]関節メカニクスの評価と解析)
- 年次大会 : Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2013, "J024044-1"-"J024044-4", 2013-09-08
- NAID 110009935165
- An evaluation of three-dimensional diarthrodial joint contact using penetration data and the finite element method
Related Links
- Diarthrodial joint Home » Diarthrodial joint Definition noun The most common and movable type of joint which is characterized by the presence of a layer of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage that lines the opposing bony surfaces, as ...
- joint [joint] the site of the junction or union of two or more bones of the body; its primary function is to provide motion and flexibility to the frame of the body. Some are immovable, such as the sutures where segments of bone are fused ...
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- associate、attend、bind、binding、bond、bonding、catenate、combine、concatenation、conjoin、conjugate、conjugation、conjunction、connect、connection、couple、dock、engage、engagement、juncture、ligate、ligation、link、linkage、participation、symphysial、union
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