WordNet

move swiftly through or over; "ships coursing the Atlantic"
a mode of action; "if you persist in that course you will surely fail"; "once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place" (同)course of action
education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings; "he took a course in basket weaving"; "flirting is not unknown in college classes" (同)course_of_study, course of instruction, class
(construction) a layer of masonry; "a course of bricks" (同)row
facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport; "the course had only nine holes"; "the course was less than a mile"
a connected series of events or actions or developments; "the government took a firm course"; "historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available" (同)line
general line of orientation; "the river takes a southern course"; "the northeastern trend of the coast" (同)trend
part of a meal served at one time; "she prepared a three course meal"
hunt with hounds; "He often courses hares"
restrain or discourage; "the sudden bad news damped the joyous atmosphere"
a slight wetness (同)dampness, moistness
slightly wet; "clothes damp with perspiration"; "a moist breeze"; "eyes moist with tears" (同)dampish, moist
obstruct with, or as if with, a dam; "dam the gorges of the Yangtse River" (同)dam up
a barrier constructed to contain the flow of water or to keep out the sea (同)dike, dyke
female parent of an animal especially domestic livestock
hunting with dogs (usually greyhounds) that are trained to chase game (such as hares) by sight instead of by scent

PrepTutorEJDIC

(壁に入れる)防湿層
〈C〉『進路』,道筋,方向,水路 / 《単数形で》(時・事態の)『経過』,推移,成り行き,進行《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(行動の)『方針』,方向;やり方 / 〈C〉(競技の)『コース』,走路 / 〈C〉(講議などの)『課程』,講座《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(順々に出される)料理,一品 / …'を'走り抜ける,‘の'上を飛ぶ(猟犬を使って)〈獲物〉'を'狩る / 〈飛行機・船などが〉針路に従って進む / 〈涙・血などが〉勢いよく流れる
〈U〉『湿気』,しめり(moisture) / 〈U〉もや,霧(mist) / 〈U〉(鉱山の)有毒ガス / 《a~》気持ちのめいらせるもの / 『湿っぽい』,湿気のある / …'を'湿らせる / …‘の'勢いを弱める,そぐ《+『down』+『名,』+『名』+『down』》 / 〈ピアノ・弦楽器の弦〉‘の'振動を弱める(押える)《+『down』+『名,』+『名』+『down』》
〈C〉『ダム』,せき / 〈U〉ダムでせき止めた水 / 〈水流など〉'を'『せき止める』《+『up』+『名』,+『up』+『名』》 / 〈感情など〉'を'むりやり抑える《+『up』(『back』)+『名,』+『名』+『up』》
(四足動物の)母親,雌親
(猟犬を使った)うさぎ狩り

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/02 12:47:24」(JST)

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A damp proofing barrier

Damp proofing in construction is a type of waterproofing applied to building foundation walls to prevent moisture from passing through the walls into interior spaces.

Information

A damp-proof course (often abbreviated to DPC) is a horizontal barrier in a wall designed to resist moisture rising through the structure by capillary action - a phenomenon known as rising damp. A damp-proof membrane (DPM) performs a similar function for a solid floor. Moisture resistance is not necessarily absolute: it is usually defined by a specific test method, limits, and engineering tolerances. In simpler words, DPC is used to stop dampness in buildings.

In theory, due to capillary movement of water, water rises from earth to the building. Passing through the foundation, it rises higher to reach the walls. Contact between water and walls may damage them by creating cracks, breaking cement-paint bonds and creating dark-spots on the wall, etc. So, to avoid water from reaching walls, a DPC layer at plinth level (the joint level of walls and foundations) is laid.

DPC layer is usually laid below all the walls, regardless of the issue that the respective wall is a load bearing wall or a partition wall. Usually, a DPC membrane is 4" to 9" wide.^{[citation needed]}

Background

Rising damp in theory can occur for various reasons - the failure of an existing damp proof course, bridging due to the raising of external ground or internal floor levels, or in older buildings, the complete absence of a damp proof course.

Brick, stone and mortar are porous allowing damp from the ground to rise by capillary action, carrying with it ground salts including chlorides and nitrates. These salts from the ground can absorb moisture from the atmosphere leading to wall dampness in conditions of high relative humidity. Also they can ruin decorations and break down internal plaster. in older days, stone-slab was mostly used as DPC material.

Building standards in many countries require most new buildings to incorporate a DPC/DPM at the time of construction. This may consist of a thin strip of plastic, a course of engineering brick or slate, or a layer of bitumen.

Materials

Materials widely used for damp proofing include:^[1]

Flexible materials like hot bitumen, plastic sheets, bituminous felts, sheets of lead, copper, etc.
Semi-rigid materials like mastic asphalt
Rigid materials like impervious bricks, stones, slates, cement mortar or cement concrete painted with bitumen, etc.
Stones
Mortar with waterproofing compounds
Coarse sand layers under floors
Continuous plastic sheets under floors

Construction

A DPC is usually a thick plastic strip bedded into the mortar between two courses of bricks or blocks. It can often be seen as a thin plastic line in the mortar near ground level.

A DPM is usually a thick polythene sheet laid under the floor slab, to allow the slab to dry out and keep out groundwater. It is often laid on a bed of sand, to prevent the sharp edges of the hardcore damaging it.

To create a continuous barrier, pieces of DPC or DPM are welded together. In addition, the DPC is welded to the DPM around the outside edges of the ground floor, completely sealing the inside of the building from the damp ground under it.

In a cavity wall, there is usually a DPC in both the outer and inner wall. In the outer wall it is normally 150-200mm above ground level (the height of 2-3 brick courses). This allows rain to form puddles and splash up off the ground, without saturating the wall above DPC level. The wall below the DPC may become saturated in rainy weather. The DPC in the inner wall is usually below floor level, (under a suspended timber floor structure), or, with a solid concrete floor, it is usually found immediately above the floor slab so that it can be linked to the DPM under the floor slab. This enables installation of skirting boards above floor level without fear of puncturing it. Alternatively, instead of fitting separate inner and outer DPCs, it is common in commercial housebuilding to use a one-piece length of rigid plastic, (albeit an angled section), which fits neatly across the cavity and slots into both walls (a cavity tray). This method requires the need for weep vents to enable rainwater ingress to drain from the cavities otherwise rising dampness could occur from above the DPC.

Remedial DPC

In old buildings there may be a DPC made from lead. The DPM may be non-existent, leading to damp problems, mold health issues or generally a poor indoor air quality, or it may rely on an impermeable floor finish such as ceramic tiles to keep most of the damp out.

Where a DPC is absent or inadequate, there are various means of retrofitting one. A common method in masonry walls is to drill holes into the wall at regular intervals and inject a penetrating liquid (e.g. silicone) into the holes. The chemical is absorbed into the masonry, where it cures to form a waterproof barrier. More recently, damp-proofing creams have been introduced which are faster to install and do not require specialized pumping equipment. Whether in liquid or cream form, the effectiveness of chemical damp-proofing products depends on a number of factors including product strength, the types of active ingredients in the formulation, the delivery system (e.g. solvents and surfactants), and the suitability of the system for the substrate that it is being injected into. Some forms of the chemical are odour-free; others have a strong odour.

Damp proofing remedies include:

Silane diffusion: Utilising a concentrated thixotropic silane / silicone ‘cream’
Siliconate transfusion: A gravity fed system with no wastage via hidden voids
Siliconate injection: Recommended occasionally for single brick walls

Health and safety

Some DPC materials may contain asbestos fibres. This was more commonly found in the older, grey sealants as well as flexible tar boards.

Other possibly hazardous materials include the use of lead sheets as a DPC material.

References

^ P.C. Varghese (2005). Building Materials. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 230. ISBN 81-203-2848-5.

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English Journal

Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern and Fetal Membrane Vascular Injury and Collagen Disorganization in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intra-amniotic Inflammation in Fetal Sheep.

Regan JK1, Kannan PS2, Kemp MW3, Kramer BW4, Newnham JP3, Jobe AH2, Kallapur SG5.
Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.).Reprod Sci.2015 Jul 7. pii: 1933719115594014. [Epub ahead of print]
To understand the changes in the structural integrity of fetal membranes during intrauterine inflammation, we evaluated the time course of expression and localization of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and injury/remodeling in collagen and vascular smooth muscle. Time-mated ewes receive
PMID 26156854

[Multi-center randomized control study on the effects of syndrome differentiated traditional Chinese medicine therapy on CKD 1-2 with chronic nephritis proteinuria].

Wu F, Zhang PQ, Wang XQ, Nie LF, Fu XJ, Peng W, Wang Y, Li J, Bi YP, Mi XH, Ding XQ, He LQ.
Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition.Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban.2015 Jan;46(1):145-8.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of Syndrome Differentiated Chinese Medicine (TCM) Therapy on (CKD) 1-2 stage chronic kidney disease with proteinuria.METHODS: A prospective randomized control study was undertaken in 11 centers. A total of 396 chronic nephritis patients were divided into a treatme
PMID 25807814

[Effect of qingchang huashi recipe on IL-17 in the plasma and colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis].

Lu YL, Shen H, Yao HF, Yang X.
Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine / Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he xue hui, Zhongguo Zhong yi yan jiu yuan zhu ban.Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi.2014 Oct;34(10):1160-3.
OBJECTIVE: To detect the expression level of interleukin 17 (IL-17) in the plasma and colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and to explore the synergistic mechanism of qingchang huashi recipe (QHR) combined with Mesalazine.METHODS: Recruited were 24 mild or moderate UC patients of
PMID 25509254

Japanese Journal

Cryptochromes are critical for the development of coherent circadian rhythms in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus

Ono Daisuke,Honma Sato,Honma Ken-ichi
Nature Communications 4, 1666, 2013-04-09
… Nevertheless, cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of neonatal Cry double deficient (Cry1 / /Cry2 / ) mice exhibit circadian rhythms that damp out in several cycles. … Cellular circadian rhythms are synchronized in neonates, but not in adults, indicating a loss of rhythm synchrony in the course of development. …
NAID 120005343762

小学校裁縫科における裁縫と手芸の統合的扱い

田中陽子
日本家庭科教育学会誌 54(2), 108-117, 2011-07-01
… Due to the emphasis on handcraft in an elementary school level dressmaking course, the importance of improvement and creativity in daily life, the creation of the dress culture, the training of the ability to organize the materials, and the learning of womanly behaviors and manners came to be given more recognition. … A damp cloth, a bag for waste thread, a beanbag, a pincushion, a handbag, an apron, a luncheon wrapper, a wrapping cloth, and other such teaching materials reflected both sewing and handcraft. …
NAID 110009872553

弾力性を有する木片炭化マットの製造と断熱材への適用に関する基礎的研究(第1報)製造条件と熱伝導率の関係

山口晃輔,関野登
岩手大学農学部演習林報告 (41), 1-15, 2010-06
… Thiselastic mat is lapped with plastic film that works as a damp proof course and is installedbetween studs or joists of timber frame houses. …
NAID 120002808226

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