WordNet

an enzyme that makes prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain and fever; "the beneficial effects of NSAIDs result from their ability to block Cox-2" (同)Cox-2
either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin (同)Cox

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/11 16:53:49」(JST)

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Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)(The HUGO official symbol = PTGS2; HGNC ID, HGNC:9605), also known as cyclooxygenase-2 or COX-2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGS2 gene.^[1] Because the "COX" term is used for the stem symbol for "cytochrome c oxidase" family of genes and gene products including proteins, the "PTGS" symbol is used for the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) family of genes and proteins. It is involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2, an important precursor of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2, among others.

§History

PTGS2 (COX-2) was discovered in 1991 by the Daniel Simmons laboratory^[2] at Brigham Young University.

§Function

PTGS2 (COX-2), converts arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandin endoperoxide H2. PGHSs are targets for NSAIDs and PTGS2 (COX-2) specific inhibitors called coxibs. PGHS-2 is a sequence homodimer. Each monomer of the enzyme has a peroxidase and a PTGS (COX) active site. The PTGS (COX) enzymes catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins in a two steps. First, hydrogen is abstracted from carbon 13 of arachidonic acid, and then two molecules of oxygen are added by the PTGS2 (COX-2), giving PGG2. Second, PGG2 is reduced to PGH2 in the peroxidase active site. The synthesized PGH2 is converted to prostaglandins (PGD2, PGE2, PGF_2α), prostacyclin (PGI2), or thromboxane A2 by tissue-specific isomerases.(Figure 2)^[3]

While metabolizing arachidonic acid primarily to PGG2, COX-2 also converts this fatty acid to small amounts of a racemic mixture of 15-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acids (i.e., 15-HETEs) composed of ~22% 15(R)-HETE and ~78% 15(S)-HETE stereoisomers as well as a small amount of 11(R)-HETE.^[4] The two 15-HETE stereoisomers have intrinsic biological activities but, perhaps more importantly, can be further metabolized to a major class of agents, the lipoxins. Furthermore, aspirin-treated COX-2 metabolizes arachidonic acid almost exclusively to 15(R)-HETE which product can be further metabolized to epi-lipoxins.^[5] The lipoxins and epi-lipoxins are potent anti-inflammatory agents and may contribute to the overall activities of the two COX's as well as to aspirin.

§Mechanism

Arachidonic acid bound to the PTGS2 (COX-2) enzyme. polar interactions between Archidonic Acid (cyan) and Ser-530 and Tyr-385 residues are shown with yellow dashed lines. The substrate is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions.^[6]

Mechanism of COX activation and catalysis. A hydroperoxide oxidizes the heme to a ferryl-oxo derivative that either is reduced in the first step of the peroxidase cycle or oxidizes Tyrosine 385 to a tyrosyl radical. The tyrosyl radical can then oxidize the 13-pro(S) hydrogen of arachidonic acid to initiate the COX cycle.

Both the peroxidase and PTGS activities are inactivated during catalysis by mechanism-based, first-order processes, which means that PGHS-2 peroxidase or PTGS activities fall to zero within 1–2 minutes, even in the presence of sufficient substrates.^[7]^[8]^[9]

The conversion of arachidonic acid to PGG2 can be shown as a series of radical reactions analogous to polyunsaturated fatty acid autoxidation.^[10] The 13-pro(S) -hydrogen is abstracted and dioxygen traps the pentadienyl radical at carbon 11. The 11-peroxyl radical cyclizes at carbon 9 and the carbon-centered radical generated at C-8 cyclizes at carbon 12, generating the endoperoxide. The allylic radical generated is trapped by dioxygen at carbon 15 to form the 15-(S) -peroxyl radical; this radical is then reduced to PGG2 . This is supported by the following evidence: 1) a significant kinetic isotope effect is observed for the abstraction of the 13-pro (S )-hydrogen; 2) carbon-centered radicals are trapped during catalysis;^[11] 3) small amounts of oxidation products are formed due to the oxygen trapping of an allylic radical intermediate at positions 13 and 15.^[12]^[13]

Another mechanism in which the 13-pro (S )-hydrogen is deprotonated and the carbanion is oxidized to a radical is theoretically possible. However, oxygenation of 10,10-difluoroarachidonic acid to 11-(S )-hydroxyeicosa-5,8,12,14-tetraenoic acid is not consistent with the generation of a carbanion intermediate because it would eliminate fluoride to form a conjugated diene.^[14] The absence of endoperoxide-containing products derived from 10,10-difluoroarachidonic acid has been thought to indicate the importance of a C-10 carbocation in PGG2 synthesis.^[15] However, the cationic mechanism requires that endoperoxide formation comes before the removal of the 13-pro (S )-hydrogen. This is not consistent with the results of the isotope experiments of arachidonic acid oxygenation.^[16]

§Structure

As shown, different ligands bind either the allosteric or the catalytic subunit. Allosteric subunit binds a non-substrate, activating FA (e.g., palmitic acid). The allosteric subunit with bound fatty acid activates the catalytic subunit by decreasing the Km for AA.^[17]

PTGS2 (COX-2) exists as a homodimer, each monomer with a molecular mass of about 70 kDa. The tertiary and quaternary structures of PTGS1 (COX-1) and PTGS2 (COX-2) enzymes are almost identical. Each subunit has three different structural domains: a short N-terminal epidermal growth factor (EGF) domain; an α-helical membrane-binding moiety; and a C-terminal catalytic domain. PTGS (COX, which can be confused with "cytochrome oxidase") enzymes are monotopic membrane proteins; the membrane-binding domain consists of a series of amphipathic α helices with several hydrophobic amino acids exposed to a membrane monolayer. PTGS1 (COX-1) and PTGS2 (COX-2) are bifunctional enzymes that carry out two consecutive chemical reactions in spatially distinct but mechanistically coupled active sites. Both the cyclooxygenase and the peroxidase active sites are located in the catalytic domain, which accounts for approximately 80% of the protein. The catalytic domain is homologous to mammalian peroxidases such as myeloperoxidase.^[18]^[19]

It has been found that human PTGS2 (COX-2) functions as a conformational heterodimer having a catalytic monomer (E-cat) and an allosteric monomer (E-allo). Heme binds only to the peroxidase site of E-cat while substrates, as well as certain inhibitors (e.g. celecoxib), bind the COX site of E-cat. E-cat is regulated by E-allo in a way dependent on what ligand is bound to E-allo. Substrate and non-substrate fatty acid (FAs) and some PTGS (COX) inhibitors (e.g. naproxen) preferentially bind to the PTGS (COX) site of E-allo. Arachidonic acid can bind to E-cat and E-allo, but the affinity of AA for E-allo is 25 times that for Ecat. Palmitic acid, an efficacious stimulator of huPGHS-2, binds only E-allo in palmitic acid/murine PGHS-2 co-crystals. Non-substrate FAs can potentiate or attenuate PTGS (COX) inhibitors depending on the fatty acid and whether the inhibitor binds E-cat or E-allo. Studies suggest that the concentration and composition of the free fatty acid pool in the environment in which PGHS-2 functions in cells, also referred to as the FA tone, is a key factor regulating the activity of PGHS-2 and its response to PTGS (COX) inhibitors.^[17]

§Clinical significance

NSAID (non-specific inhibitor of PTGS2 (COX-2)) Flurbiprofen (green) bound to PTGS2 (COX-2). Flurbiprofen is stabilized via hydrophobic interactions and polar interactions (Tyr-355 and Arg-120).^[20]

PTGS2 (COX-2) is unexpressed under normal conditions in most cells, but elevated levels are found during inflammation. PTGS1 (COX-1) is constitutively expressed in many tissues and is the predominant form in gastric mucosa and in the kidneys. Inhibition of PTGS1 (COX-1) reduces the basal production of cytoprotective PGE2 and PGI2 in the stomach, which may contribute to gastric ulceration. Since PTGS2 (COX-2) is generally expressed only in cells where prostaglandins are upregulated (e.g., during inflammation), drug-candidates that selectively inhibit PTGS2 (COX-2) were suspected to show fewer side-effects ^[19] but proved to substantially increase risk for cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke. Two different mechanisms may explain contradictory effects. Low-dose aspirin protects against heart attacks and strokes by blocking PTGS1 (COX-1) from forming a prostaglandin called thromboxane A2. It sticks platelets together and promotes clotting; inhibiting this helps prevent heart disease. On the other hand, PTGS2 (COX-2) is a more important source of prostaglandins, particularly prostacyclin which is found in blood vessel lining. Prostacyclin relaxes or unsticks platelets, so drugs that block this mechanism - like Celebrex (celecoxib) and other coxibs (Rofecoxib) - increase risk of cardiovascular events due to clotting.^{[citation needed]}

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit prostaglandin production by PTGS1 (COX-1) and PTGS2 (COX-2). NSAIDs selective for inhibition of PTGS2 (COX-2) are less likely than traditional drugs to cause gastrointestinal adverse effects, but could cause cardiovascular events, such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Studies with human pharmacology and genetics, genetically manipulated rodents, and other animal models and randomized trials indicate that this is due to suppression of PTGS2 (COX-2)-dependent cardioprotective prostaglandins, prostacyclin in particular.^[21]

The expression of PTGS2 (COX-2) is upregulated in many cancers. The overexpression of PTGS2 (COX-2) along with increased angiogenesis and SLC2A1 (GLUT-1) expression is significantly associated with gallbladder carcinomas.^[22] Furthermore the product of PTGS2 (COX-2), PGH₂ is converted by prostaglandin E2 synthase into PGE₂, which in turn can stimulate cancer progression. Consequently inhibiting PTGS2 (COX-2) may have benefit in the prevention and treatment of these types of cancer.^[23]^[24]

The mutant allele PTGS2 5939C carriers among the Han Chinese population have been shown to have a higher risk of gastric cancer. In addition, a connection was found between Helicobacter pylori infection and the presence of the 5939C allele.^[25]

§Interactions

PTGS2 has been shown to interact with Caveolin 1.^[26]

§See also

Arachidonic acid
Cyclooxygenase
Cyclooxygenase 1
NSAID
Discovery and development of COX-2 selective inhibitors
COX-2 selective inhibitor

§References

^ Hla T, Neilson K (August 1992). "Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (16): 7384–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.16.7384. PMC 49714. PMID 1380156.
^ Xie W, Chipman J, Robertson D, Erikson R, Simmons D (April 1991). "Expression of a mitogen-responsive gene encoding prostaglandin synthase is regulated by mRNA splicing". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (7): 2692–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.7.2692. PMC 51304. PMID 1849272. ^{[better source needed]}
^ O'Banion M (1999). "Cyclooxygenase-2: molecular biology, pharmacology, and neurobiology". Crit Rev Neurobiol 13 (1): 45–82. PMID 10223523.
^ Mulugeta S, Suzuki T, Hernandez N, Griesser M, Boeglin W, Schneider C (2010). "Identification and absolute configuration of dihydroxy-arachidonic acids formed by oxygenation of 5S-HETE by native and aspirin-acetylated COX-2". J. Lipid Res. 51 (3): 575–85. doi:10.1194/jlr.M001719. PMC 2817587. PMID 19752399.
^ Serhan C (2005). "Lipoxins and aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxins are the first lipid mediators of endogenous anti-inflammation and resolution". Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 73 (3-4): 141–62. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2005.05.002. PMID 16005201.
^ PDB 3OLT
^ Smith W, Garavito R, DeWitt D (December 1996). "Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (cyclooxygenases)-1 and -2". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (52): 33157–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.52.33157. PMID 8969167.
^ Wu G, Wei C, Kulmacz R, Osawa Y, Tsai A (April 1999). "A mechanistic study of self-inactivation of the peroxidase activity in prostaglandin H synthase-1". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (14): 9231–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.14.9231. PMID 10092596.
^ Callan O, So O, Swinney D (February 1996). "The kinetic factors that determine the affinity and selectivity for slow binding inhibition of human prostaglandin H synthase 1 and 2 by indomethacin and flurbiprofen". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (7): 3548–54. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.7.3548. PMID 8631960.
^ Porter N (1986). "Mechanisms for the autoxidation of polyunsaturated lipids". Accounts of Chemical Research 19 (9): 262–8. doi:10.1021/ar00129a001.
^ Mason R, Kalyanaraman B, Tainer B, Eling T (June 1980). "A carbon-centered free radical intermediate in the prostaglandin synthetase oxidation of arachidonic acid. Spin trapping and oxygen uptake studies". J. Biol. Chem. 255 (11): 5019–22. PMID 6246094.
^ Hecker M, Ullrich V, Fischer C, Meese C (November 1987). "Identification of novel arachidonic acid metabolites formed by prostaglandin H synthase". Eur. J. Biochem. 169 (1): 113–23. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13587.x. PMID 3119336.
^ Xiao G, Tsai A, Palmer G, Boyar W, Marshall P, Kulmacz R (February 1997). "Analysis of hydroperoxide-induced tyrosyl radicals and lipoxygenase activity in aspirin-treated human prostaglandin H synthase-2". Biochemistry 36 (7): 1836–45. doi:10.1021/bi962476u. PMID 9048568.
^ Kwok P, Muellner F, Fried J (June 1987). "Enzymatic conversions of 10,10-difluoroarachidonic acid with PGH synthase and soybean lipoxygenase". Journal of the American Chemical Society 109 (12): 3692–3698. doi:10.1021/ja00246a028.
^ Dean A, Dean F (May 1999). "Carbocations in the synthesis of prostaglandins by the cyclooxygenase of PGH synthase? A radical departure!". Protein Sci. 8 (5): 1087–98. doi:10.1110/ps.8.5.1087. PMC 2144324. PMID 10338019.
^ Hamberg M, Samuelsson B (November 1967). "On the mechanism of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins E-1 and F-1-alpha". J. Biol. Chem. 242 (22): 5336–43. PMID 6070851.
^ ^a ^b Dong L, Vecchio A, Sharma N, Jurban B, Malkowski M, Smith W (May 2011). "Human cyclooxygenase-2 is a sequence homodimer that functions as a conformational heterodimer". J. Biol. Chem. 286 (21): 19035–46. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.231969. PMC 3099718. PMID 21467029.
^ Picot D, Loll P, Garavito R (January 1994). "The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1". Nature 367 (6460): 243–9. doi:10.1038/367243a0. PMID 8121489.
^ ^a ^b Kurumbail R, Kiefer J, Marnett L (December 2001). "Cyclooxygenase enzymes: catalysis and inhibition". Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 11 (6): 752–60. doi:10.1016/S0959-440X(01)00277-9. PMID 11751058.
^ PDB 3PGH
^ Wang D, Patel V, Ricciotti E, Zhou R, Levin M, Gao E et al. (May 2009). "Cardiomyocyte cyclooxygenase-2 influences cardiac rhythm and function". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (18): 7548–52. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805806106. PMC 2670242. PMID 19376970.
^ Legan M (August 2010). "Cyclooxygenase-2, p53 and glucose transporter-1 as predictors of malignancy in the development of gallbladder carcinomas". Bosn J Basic Med Sci 10 (3): 192–6. PMID 20846124.
^ EntrezGene 5743
^ Menter D, Schilsky R, DuBois R (March 2010). "Cyclooxygenase-2 and cancer treatment: understanding the risk should be worth the reward". Clin. Cancer Res. 16 (5): 1384–90. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0788. PMID 20179228.
^ Li Y, He W, Liu T, Zhang Q (December 2010). "A new cyclo-oxygenase-2 gene variant in the Han Chinese population is associated with an increased risk of gastric carcinoma". Mol Diagn Ther 14 (6): 351–5. doi:10.2165/11586400-000000000-00000. PMID 21275453.
^ Liou J, Deng W, Gilroy D, Shyue S, Wu K (September 2001). "Colocalization and interaction of cyclooxygenase-2 with caveolin-1 in human fibroblasts". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (37): 34975–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105946200. PMID 11432874.

§Further reading

Richards J, Petrel T, Brueggemeier R (February 2002). "Signaling pathways regulating aromatase and cyclooxygenases in normal and malignant breast cells". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 80 (2): 203–12. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(01)00187-X. PMID 11897504.
Koki A, Khan N, Woerner B, Seibert K, Harmon J, Dannenberg A et al. (January 2002). "Characterization of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) during tumorigenesis in human epithelial cancers: evidence for potential clinical utility of COX-2 inhibitors in epithelial cancers". Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 66 (1): 13–8. doi:10.1054/plef.2001.0335. PMID 12051953.
Saukkonen K, Rintahaka J, Sivula A, Buskens C, Van Rees B, Rio M et al. (October 2003). "Cyclooxygenase-2 and gastric carcinogenesis". APMIS 111 (10): 915–25. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0463.2003.1111001.x. PMID 14616542.
Sinicrope F, Gill S (2004). "Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in colorectal cancer". Cancer Metastasis Rev. 23 (1-2): 63–75. doi:10.1023/A:1025863029529. PMID 15000150.
Jain S, Khuri F, Shin D (2004). "Prevention of head and neck cancer: current status and future prospects". Curr Probl Cancer 28 (5): 265–86. doi:10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2004.05.003. PMID 15375804.
Saba N, Jain S, Khuri F (2004). "Chemoprevention in lung cancer". Curr Probl Cancer 28 (5): 287–306. doi:10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2004.05.005. PMID 15375805.
Cardillo I, Spugnini E, Verdina A, Galati R, Citro G, Baldi A (October 2005). "Cox and mesothelioma: an overview". Histol. Histopathol. 20 (4): 1267–74. PMID 16136507.
Brueggemeier R, Díaz-Cruz E (March 2006). "Relationship between aromatase and cyclooxygenases in breast cancer: potential for new therapeutic approaches". Minerva Endocrinol. 31 (1): 13–26. PMID 16498361.
Fujimura T, Ohta T, Oyama K, Miyashita T, Miwa K (March 2006). "Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in the carcinogenesis of gastrointestinal tract cancers: a review and report of personal experience". World J. Gastroenterol. 12 (9): 1336–45. PMID 16552798.
Bingham S, Beswick P, Blum D, Gray N, Chessell I (October 2006). "The role of the cylooxygenase pathway in nociception and pain". Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 17 (5): 544–54. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2006.09.001. PMID 17071117.
Minghetti L, Pocchiari M (2007). "Cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2, and microglial activation in prion diseases". Int. Rev. Neurobiol. International Review of Neurobiology 82: 265–75. doi:10.1016/S0074-7742(07)82014-9. ISBN 9780123739896. PMID 17678966.

§External links

Nextbio
NSAIDs and Cardiovascular Risk Explained, According to Studies from the Perelman School of Medicine
Wolfe M (December 2004). "Rofecoxib, Merck, and the FDA". N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (27): 2875–8; author reply 2875–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM200412303512719. PMID 15625749.

UpToDate Contents

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1. COX-2選択的阻害剤の概要 overview of selective cox 2 inhibitors
2. COX-2選択的阻害剤：有害な心血管系への影響 cox 2 selective inhibitors adverse cardiovascular effects
3. 非ステロイド性抗炎症剤（NSAIDs）（アスピリンを含む）：胃十二指腸障害の病因 nsaids including aspirin pathogenesis of gastroduodenal toxicity
4. 非ステロイド性抗炎症剤（NSAIDs）（アスピリンを含む）：大腸癌の予防における役割 nsaids including aspirin role in prevention of colorectal cancer
5. 心不全における一酸化窒素、その他のホルモン、サイトカイン、およびケモカイン nitric oxide other hormones cytokines and chemokines in heart failure

English Journal

Inflammatory-mediated pathway in association with organochlorine pesticides levels in the etiology of idiopathic preterm birth.

Mustafa M1, Garg N2, Banerjee BD3, Sharma T1, Tyagi V1, Dar SA4, Guleria K2, Ahmad RS1, Vaid N2, Tripathi AK1.
Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.).Reprod Toxicol.2015 Nov;57:111-20. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.018. Epub 2015 Jun 6.
Elevated inflammation is a known risk factor in the pathogenesis of PTB. Despite intensive research, the etiology of idiopathic PTB is still unknown. The present study was designed to explore associations of blood concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) with inflammatory/antioxidant gene
PMID 26055944

The prognostic value of immunohistochemical markers for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

Hwa JS1, Kwon OJ, Park JJ, Woo SH, Kim JP, Ko GH, Seo JH, Kim RB.
European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery.Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol.2015 Oct;272(10):2953-9. doi: 10.1007/s00405-014-3254-5. Epub 2014 Aug 29.
The objective of the study was to examine the prognostic value of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), carbonic anhydrase-IX (CA-IX), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Ki-67, and erythropoietin receptor in patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of marker expressio
PMID 25169079

Bioactives in cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) stems possess potent antioxidant and pro-apoptotic activities through COX-2 involvement.

Kim J1, Soh SY2, Shin J2, Cho CW1,2, Choi YH3, Nam SY1,2.
Journal of the science of food and agriculture.J Sci Food Agric.2015 Oct;95(13):2601-6. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6968. Epub 2014 Nov 18.
BACKGROUND: Bioactives extracted from cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) stems were investigated for their chemopreventive activities using human cancer cells in vitro. The bioactives present in crude extracts were detected and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography.RESULTS: Among all th
PMID 25345579

Japanese Journal

Inflammation in gastric cancer: Interplay of the COX-2/prostaglandin E2 and Toll-like receptor/MyD88 pathways

Cancer Science 107(4), 391-397, 2016-04
NAID 120005819606

The Sarin-like Organophosphorus Agent bis(isopropyl methyl)phosphonate Induces Apoptotic Cell Death and COX-2 Expression in SK-N-SH Cells

Hiroshima Journal of Medical Sciences 65(1), 1-8, 2016-03
NAID 120005743715

Effects of postoperative administration of celecoxib on pain management in patients after total knee arthroplasty: study protocol for an open-label randomized controlled trial

Trials 17, 45, 2016-01
NAID 120005713055

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「シクロオキシゲナーゼ2」
拡張検索	「cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor」
関連記事	「cyclooxygenase」

「シクロオキシゲナーゼ2」

Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
	; PDB rendering based on 6COX
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1V0X
Identifiers
Symbols	PTGS2 ; COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; PGG/HS; PGHS-2; PHS-2; hCox-2
External IDs	OMIM: 600262 MGI: 97798 HomoloGene: 31000 ChEMBL: 230 GeneCards: PTGS2 Gene
EC number	1.14.99.1
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• peroxidase activity; • prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity; • lipid binding; • enzyme binding; • heme binding; • protein homodimerization activity; • metal ion binding; • arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase activity;
Cellular component	• nucleus; • cytoplasm; • endoplasmic reticulum membrane; • neuron projection; • protein complex;
Biological process	• prostaglandin biosynthetic process; • angiogenesis; • prostaglandin metabolic process; • cellular component movement; • inflammatory response; • response to oxidative stress; • embryo implantation; • learning; • memory; • regulation of blood pressure; • negative regulation of cell proliferation; • response to fructose; • response to manganese ion; • response to lithium ion; • positive regulation vascular endothelial growth factor production; • sensory perception of pain; • arachidonic acid metabolic process; • cyclooxygenase pathway; • lipoxygenase pathway; • bone mineralization; • ovulation; • positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of fever generation; • positive regulation of synaptic plasticity; • negative regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic; • response to estradiol; • response to lipopolysaccharide; • response to vitamin D; • response to tumor necrosis factor; • cellular response to UV; • maintenance of blood-brain barrier; • positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus; • response to drug; • anagen; • positive regulation of apoptotic process; • small molecule metabolic process; • positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process; • negative regulation of cell cycle; • positive regulation of vasoconstriction; • negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction; • positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction; • decidualization; • positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation; • regulation of inflammatory response; • brown fat cell differentiation; • response to glucocorticoid; • negative regulation of calcium ion transport; • positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic; • oxidation-reduction process; • response to fatty acid; • cellular response to mechanical stimulus; • cellular response to ATP; • cellular response to hypoxia; • positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production; • positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis; • positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor production; • positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation; • positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor production;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
	This box: view; talk; edit;

　　[★]

英: cyclooxygenase-2 cyclooxygenase 2 COX-2 COX2
関: シクロオキシゲナーゼ、シクロオキシゲナーゼ1、アスピリン、NSAID、糖質コルチコイド

炎症に伴うサイトカインと炎症メディエーターはCOX-2の産生を誘導する。(GOO.674)　←　つまり、このシクロオキシゲナーゼが炎症部位におけるプロスタグランジンの産生に関わっている。よって、COX-2を抑制することで消炎作用が得られる。
アスピリンとNSAIDはCOX enzyme and prostaglandin産生を抑制する。一方、アラキドン酸代謝において、リポキシゲナーゼの代謝経路は抑制しない。このためロイコトリエンの形成は抑制されない。(GOO.674)
糖質コルチコイドはCOX-2の発現誘導を抑制する。また、phospholipase A2の活性も抑制する(アラキドン酸の産生に関与)。

「cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor」

　　[★]

シクロオキシゲナーゼ-2阻害薬、シクロオキシゲナーゼ2阻害薬、シクロオキシゲナーゼ-2阻害剤、シクロオキシゲナーゼ2阻害剤

関: COX-2 inhibitor、coxib

「cyclooxygenase」

　　[★] シクロオキシゲナーゼ　

[pmid1380156-1] Hla T, Neilson K (August 1992). "Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (16): 7384–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.16.7384. PMC 49714. PMID 1380156.

[pmid1849272-2] Xie W, Chipman J, Robertson D, Erikson R, Simmons D (April 1991). "Expression of a mitogen-responsive gene encoding prostaglandin synthase is regulated by mRNA splicing". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (7): 2692–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.7.2692. PMC 51304. PMID 1849272. ^{[better source needed]}

[pmid10223523-3] O'Banion M (1999). "Cyclooxygenase-2: molecular biology, pharmacology, and neurobiology". Crit Rev Neurobiol 13 (1): 45–82. PMID 10223523.

[pmid19752399-4] Mulugeta S, Suzuki T, Hernandez N, Griesser M, Boeglin W, Schneider C (2010). "Identification and absolute configuration of dihydroxy-arachidonic acids formed by oxygenation of 5S-HETE by native and aspirin-acetylated COX-2". J. Lipid Res. 51 (3): 575–85. doi:10.1194/jlr.M001719. PMC 2817587. PMID 19752399.

[pmid16005201-5] Serhan C (2005). "Lipoxins and aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxins are the first lipid mediators of endogenous anti-inflammation and resolution". Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 73 (3-4): 141–62. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2005.05.002. PMID 16005201.

[6] PDB 3OLT

[pmid8969167-7] Smith W, Garavito R, DeWitt D (December 1996). "Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (cyclooxygenases)-1 and -2". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (52): 33157–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.52.33157. PMID 8969167.

[pmid10092596-8] Wu G, Wei C, Kulmacz R, Osawa Y, Tsai A (April 1999). "A mechanistic study of self-inactivation of the peroxidase activity in prostaglandin H synthase-1". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (14): 9231–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.14.9231. PMID 10092596.

[pmid8631960-9] Callan O, So O, Swinney D (February 1996). "The kinetic factors that determine the affinity and selectivity for slow binding inhibition of human prostaglandin H synthase 1 and 2 by indomethacin and flurbiprofen". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (7): 3548–54. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.7.3548. PMID 8631960.

[Porter_1986-10] Porter N (1986). "Mechanisms for the autoxidation of polyunsaturated lipids". Accounts of Chemical Research 19 (9): 262–8. doi:10.1021/ar00129a001.

[pmid6246094-11] Mason R, Kalyanaraman B, Tainer B, Eling T (June 1980). "A carbon-centered free radical intermediate in the prostaglandin synthetase oxidation of arachidonic acid. Spin trapping and oxygen uptake studies". J. Biol. Chem. 255 (11): 5019–22. PMID 6246094.

[pmid3119336-12] Hecker M, Ullrich V, Fischer C, Meese C (November 1987). "Identification of novel arachidonic acid metabolites formed by prostaglandin H synthase". Eur. J. Biochem. 169 (1): 113–23. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13587.x. PMID 3119336.

[pmid9048568-13] Xiao G, Tsai A, Palmer G, Boyar W, Marshall P, Kulmacz R (February 1997). "Analysis of hydroperoxide-induced tyrosyl radicals and lipoxygenase activity in aspirin-treated human prostaglandin H synthase-2". Biochemistry 36 (7): 1836–45. doi:10.1021/bi962476u. PMID 9048568.

[Kwok_1987-14] Kwok P, Muellner F, Fried J (June 1987). "Enzymatic conversions of 10,10-difluoroarachidonic acid with PGH synthase and soybean lipoxygenase". Journal of the American Chemical Society 109 (12): 3692–3698. doi:10.1021/ja00246a028.

[pmid10338019-15] Dean A, Dean F (May 1999). "Carbocations in the synthesis of prostaglandins by the cyclooxygenase of PGH synthase? A radical departure!". Protein Sci. 8 (5): 1087–98. doi:10.1110/ps.8.5.1087. PMC 2144324. PMID 10338019.

[pmid6070851-16] Hamberg M, Samuelsson B (November 1967). "On the mechanism of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins E-1 and F-1-alpha". J. Biol. Chem. 242 (22): 5336–43. PMID 6070851.

[Dong_2011-17] Dong L, Vecchio A, Sharma N, Jurban B, Malkowski M, Smith W (May 2011). "Human cyclooxygenase-2 is a sequence homodimer that functions as a conformational heterodimer". J. Biol. Chem. 286 (21): 19035–46. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.231969. PMC 3099718. PMID 21467029.

[pmid8121489-18] Picot D, Loll P, Garavito R (January 1994). "The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1". Nature 367 (6460): 243–9. doi:10.1038/367243a0. PMID 8121489.

[pmid11751058-19] Kurumbail R, Kiefer J, Marnett L (December 2001). "Cyclooxygenase enzymes: catalysis and inhibition". Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 11 (6): 752–60. doi:10.1016/S0959-440X(01)00277-9. PMID 11751058.

[20] PDB 3PGH

[card-21] Wang D, Patel V, Ricciotti E, Zhou R, Levin M, Gao E et al. (May 2009). "Cardiomyocyte cyclooxygenase-2 influences cardiac rhythm and function". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (18): 7548–52. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805806106. PMC 2670242. PMID 19376970.

[pmid20846124-22] Legan M (August 2010). "Cyclooxygenase-2, p53 and glucose transporter-1 as predictors of malignancy in the development of gallbladder carcinomas". Bosn J Basic Med Sci 10 (3): 192–6. PMID 20846124.

[entrez-23] EntrezGene 5743

[pmid20179228-24] Menter D, Schilsky R, DuBois R (March 2010). "Cyclooxygenase-2 and cancer treatment: understanding the risk should be worth the reward". Clin. Cancer Res. 16 (5): 1384–90. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0788. PMID 20179228.

[pmid21275453-25] Li Y, He W, Liu T, Zhang Q (December 2010). "A new cyclo-oxygenase-2 gene variant in the Han Chinese population is associated with an increased risk of gastric carcinoma". Mol Diagn Ther 14 (6): 351–5. doi:10.2165/11586400-000000000-00000. PMID 21275453.

[pmid11432874-26] Liou J, Deng W, Gilroy D, Shyue S, Wu K (September 2001). "Colocalization and interaction of cyclooxygenase-2 with caveolin-1 in human fibroblasts". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (37): 34975–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105946200. PMID 11432874.

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cyclooxygenase-2