出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/08 14:35:20」(JST)
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In medicine and medical anthropology, a culture-bound syndrome, culture-specific syndrome, or folk illness is a combination of psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture. There are no objective biochemical or structural alterations of body organs or functions, and the disease is not recognized in other cultures. The term culture-bound syndrome was included in the fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) which also includes a list of the most common culture-bound conditions (DSM-IV: Appendix I). Counterpart within the framework of ICD-10 (Chapter V) are the culture-specific disorders defined in Annex 2 of the Diagnostic criteria for research.[1]
More broadly, an epidemic that can be attributed to cultural behavior patterns or suggestion is sometimes referred to as a behavioral epidemic. As in the cases of drug or alcohol abuse or smoking, transmission can be determined by communal reinforcement as well as by person-to-person interactions. On etiological grounds, it can be difficult to distinguish the causal contribution of culture in disease from other environmental factors such as toxicity.[2]
A culture-specific syndrome is characterized by:[citation needed]
Some culture-specific syndromes involve somatic symptoms (pain or disturbed function of a body part), while others are purely behavioral. Some culture-bound syndromes appear with similar features in several cultures, but with locally specific traits, such as penis panics.
A culture-specific syndrome is not the same as a geographically localized disease with specific, identifiable, causal tissue abnormalities, such as kuru or sleeping sickness, or genetic conditions limited to certain populations. It is possible that a condition originally assumed to be a culture-bound behavioral syndrome is found to have a biological cause; from a medical perspective it would then be redefined into another nosological category.[citation needed]
The American Psychiatric Association states the following:[3]
The term culture-bound syndrome denotes recurrent, locality-specific patterns of aberrant behavior and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM-IV diagnostic category. Many of these patterns are indigenously considered to be "illnesses," or at least afflictions, and most have local names. Although presentations conforming to the major DSM-IV categories can be found throughout the world, the particular symptoms, course, and social response are very often influenced by local cultural factors. In contrast, culture-bound syndromes are generally limited to specific societies or culture areas and are localized, folk, diagnostic categories that frame coherent meanings for certain repetitive, patterned, and troubling sets of experiences and observations.
The term culture-bound syndrome is controversial since it reflects the different opinions of anthropologists and psychiatrists.[4] Anthropologists have a tendency to emphasize the relativistic and culture-specific dimensions of the syndromes, while physicians tend to emphasize the universal and neuropsychological dimensions.[5][6] Guarnaccia & Rogler (1999) have argued in favor of investigating culture-bound syndromes on their own terms, and believe that the syndromes have enough cultural integrity to be treated as independent objects of research.[7]
Some studies suggest that culture-bound syndromes represent an acceptable way within a specific culture (and cultural context) among certain vulnerable individuals (i.e. an ataque de nervios at a funeral in Puerto Rico) to express distress in the wake of a traumatic experience.[8] A similar manifestation of distress when displaced into a North American medical culture may lead to a very different, even adverse outcome for a given individual and [his or] her family.[9]
The fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders classifies the below syndromes as culture-bound syndromes:[10]
| Name | Geographical localization/populations |
|---|---|
| Running amok | Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Brunei, Singapore |
| Ataque de nervios | Hispanic people as well as in the Philippines where it is known as "Nervous Breakdown" |
| Bilis, cólera | Latinos |
| Bouffée délirante | West Africa and Haiti |
| Brain fag syndrome | West African students |
| Dhat syndrome | India |
| Falling-out, blacking out | Southern United States and Caribbean |
| Ghost sickness | Native American |
| Hwabyeong | Korean |
| Koro | Chinese and Malaysian populations in southeast Asia; Assam; occasionally in West |
| Latah | Malaysia and Indonesia |
| Locura | Latinos in the United States and Latin America |
| Mal de pelea | Puerto Rico[11] |
| Nervios | Latin America, Latinos in the United States |
| Evil eye | Mediterranean; Hispanic populations and Ethiopia |
| Piblokto | Arctic and subarctic Inuit populations |
| Zou huo ru mo (Qigong psychotic reaction) | Chinese |
| Rootwork | Southern United States, Caribbean nations |
| Sangue dormido | Portuguese populations in Cape Verde |
| Shenjing shuairuo | Chinese |
| Shenkui, shen-kʼuei | Chinese |
| Shinbyeong | Korean |
| Spell | African American, White populations in the southern United States and Ethiopia |
| Susto | Latinos in the United States; Mexico, Central America and South America |
| Taijin kyofusho | Japanese |
| Zār | Ethiopia, Somalia, Egypt, Sudan, Iran, and other North African and Middle Eastern societies |
The fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders classifies the below syndromes as culture-bound syndromes:[12]
| Name | Geographical localization/populations |
|---|---|
| Ataque de nervios | Hispanic people as well as in the Philippines |
| Dhat syndrome | India |
| Khyâl cap | Cambodians in the United States and Cambodia |
| Ghost sickness | Native American |
| Kufungisisa | Zimbabwe |
| Maladi moun | Haiti |
| Nervios | Latin America, Latinos in the United States |
| Shenjing shuairuo | Chinese |
| Susto | Latinos in the United States; Mexico, Central America and South America |
| Taijin kyofusho | Japanese |
The 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) classifies the below syndromes as culture-specific disorders:[1]
| Name | Geographical localization/populations |
|---|---|
| Amok | Indonesia; Malaysia |
| Dhat syndrome (dhātu), shen-kʼuei, jiryan | India; Taiwan |
| Koro, suk yeong, jinjin bemar | South-east Asia, India, China |
| Latah | Indonesia; Malaysia |
| Nervios, nerfiza, nerves, nevra | Egypt; Greece; northern Europe; Mexico, Central and South America |
| Pa-leng (frigophobia) | Taiwan; south-east Asia |
| Pibloktoq (Arctic hysteria) | Inuit living within the Arctic Circle |
| Susto, espanto | Mexico, Central and South America |
| Taijin kyofusho, shinkeishitsu (anthropophobia) | Japan |
| Ufufuyane, saka | Kenya; southern Africa (among Bantu, Zulu, and affiliated groups) |
| Uqamairineq | Inuit living within the Arctic Circle |
| Windigo | Indigenous people of north-east America |
Within the contiguous United States, the consumption of kaolin has been proposed as a culture bound syndrome observed in African Americans in the rural south, particularly in areas in which the mining of kaolin is common.[13] In South Africa, among the Xhosa people, the syndrome amafufunyana is commonly used to describe those believed to be possessed by demons or other malevolent spirits. Traditional healers in the culture usually perform exorcisms in order to drive off these spirits. Upon investigating the phenomenon, researchers found that many of the people claimed to be affected by the syndrome exhibited the traits and characteristics of schizophrenia.[14]
Vegetative-vascular dystonia can be considered an example of somatic condition formally recognised by local medical community in former Soviet Union countries, but not in Western classification systems. Its umbrella term nature as neurological condition also results in diagnosing neurotic patients as neurological ones,[15][16] in effect substituting possible psychiatric stigma with culture-bound syndrome disguised as a neurological condition.
Refugee children in Sweden have been known to fall into coma-like states on learning their families will be deported. The condition, known as Uppgivenhetssyndrom, or resignation syndrome (sv) is believed to only exist among the refugee population in the Scandinavian country, where it has been prevalent since the early part of the 21st Century.
In a hundred-and-thirty-page report on the condition, commissioned by the government and published in 2006, a team of psychologists, political scientists, and sociologists hypothesized that it was a culture-bound syndrome, a psychological illness endemic to a specific society. [17]
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