交差耐性

関: cross-resistance、cross-tolerant、crosstolerance、crosstolerant

WordNet

trace a line through or across; "cross your `t"
any affliction that causes great suffering; "that is his cross to bear"; "he bears his afflictions like a crown of thorns" (同)crown_of_thorns
a wooden structure consisting of an upright post with a transverse piece
extending or lying across; in a crosswise direction; at right angles to the long axis; "cross members should be all steel"; "from the transverse hall the stairway ascends gracefully"; "transversal vibrations"; "transverse colon" (同)transverse, transversal, thwartwise
to cover or extend over an area or time period; "Rivers traverse the valley floor", "The parking lot spans 3 acres"; "The novel spans three centuries" (同)traverse, span, sweep
fold so as to resemble a cross; "she crossed her legs"
meet and pass; "the trains crossed"
a path (often marked) where something (as a street or railroad) can be crossed to get from one side to the other (同)crosswalk, crossover
a voyage across a body of water (usually across the Atlantic Ocean)
traveling across
a point where two lines (paths or arcs etc.) intersect
the act of tolerating something
the power or capacity of an organism to tolerate unfavorable environmental conditions
willingness to recognize and respect the beliefs or practices of others
placed crosswise; "spoken with a straight face but crossed fingers"; "crossed forks"; "seated with arms across"
(of a check) marked for deposit only as indicated by having two lines drawn across it
a representation of the structure on which Jesus was crucified; used as an emblem of Christianity or in heraldry

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(昔,罪人のはりつけの刑に用いた)『十字架』 / 《the C-》キリストがはりつけになった十字架;キリスト教の象徴としての十字架 / 〈C〉十字(キリスト教徒が右手で切る) / 〈C〉イエスのために耐える苦しみ,受難 / 〈C〉十字架像;(紋章などの)十字形 / 〈C〉キリスト教信仰;《集合的に》キリスト教徒 / 〈C〉十字記号(crisscross)(+または×) / 〈C〉《修飾語を伴って》十字勲章 / 《『the Cross』》南十字星(the Southern Cross) / 〈C〉(動物・植物の)(…間の)異種交配;雑種《+『between』+『名』+『and』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(ボクシングの)クロスパンチ / (信仰のしるしとして)〈人・自分〉‘に'『十字を切る』 / …'を'『交差させる』(『する』) / …‘に'『交差させて線を引く』;《英》〈小切手〉‘に'線引きする;…'を'横線(×印)をつけて消す《+『名』+『out』(『off』),+『out』(『off』)+『名』》 / …'を'『横切る』,横断する,渡る / 〈心〉'を'よぎる,‘に'ふと浮かぶ / …‘と'すれ違う,行き違う / …'を'妨げる,‘の'じゃまをする / …'を'交配する / 『交差する』,交わる / (…へ)『横切る』,渡る《+『over to』+『名』》 / すれ違いになる / 〈動物・植物が〉交配する,雑種になる / おこりっぽい,ふきげんな / (風が)反対の / 十文字に交差した,横切った
横断,横切ること;渡航 / 交差点,十字路;踏切,《英》横断歩道(《米》crosswalk),(河川・水路の)横断場所 / 異種交配(crossbreeding)
(自分と異なる他人の意見・行動などを許す)寛大,寛容・我慢（がまん）,忍耐力 / (薬品・毒物などに対する)耐性,抗毒性 / 公差,許容誤差
(十字形に)交差した / 十字を引いてある,線引きの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/27 14:34:00」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Cross-tolerance is a phenomenon that occurs when someone who is tolerant to the effects of a certain drug also develops a tolerance to another drug. It often happens between two drugs with similar functions or effects – for example, acting on the same cell receptor or affecting the transmission of certain neurotransmitters. Cross-tolerance has been observed with pharmaceutical drugs such as anti-anxiety agents and illicit substances, and sometimes the two of them together. Often, a person who uses one drug can be tolerant to a drug that has a completely different function.^[1] This phenomenon allows one to become tolerant to a drug that they have never even used before.^[2]

Major Drug Classifications and Cross-Tolerance

Groups of Psychoactive drugs	Drug examples
Antianxiety drugs and sedative hypnotics	Benzodiazepines (valium, xanax, klonopin) Barbiturates, alcohols Other anesthetics (GHB, Special K, PCP, angel dust)
Antipsychotics	Phenothiazines: chlorpromazine (thorazine) Butyrophenones: haloperidol (Haldol) Clozapine (Clozaril), Aripiprazole (abilify, aripiprex)
Antidepressants and mood stabilizers	MAO inhibitors tricyclic antidepressants: imipramine (Tofranil), SSRIs, fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat), Mood stabilizers (Lithium, sodium valproate, carbamazepine)
Opioid analgesics	Morphine, codeine, heroin, endomorphins, enkephlins, dynorphins
Psychotropics	Dopaminergic stimulants (cocaine, amphetamine), Muscarinic psychedelics (Jimson Weed, Amanita), Cannabinoidergic (THC), NMDA antagonists (PCP, Ketamine), Serotonergic psychedelics (LSD, mescaline, psilocybin)

Antianxiety and sedative hypnotics

Excitation of the GABA receptor produces an influx of negatively-charged chloride ions, which hyperpolarizes the neuron and makes it less likely to give rise to an action potential. In addition to gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) itself, the GABAA receptor can also bind barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepine binding increases the binding of GABA and barbiturates maximize the time the pore is open. Both of these mechanisms allow for influx of chloride ions. When these drugs are taken together, especially with ethanol (drinking alcohol), there is a disproportionate increase in toxicity because the effects of both occur simultaneously and add up since they act on the same receptor at different sites. Convergance upon the GABAA receptor is why tolerance for one drug in the group will most likely cause cross-tolerance for the other drugs in the group.^[3] However, the barbiturates are also AMPA receptor blockers, and in addition interact with the nAChR and voltage-gated calcium channels. As a result, somebody who is tolerant to benzodiazepines is more sensitive to barbiturates than vice versa.

Antipsychotic drugs

These drugs block dopamine receptors and can, in many cases (very common example: chlorpromazine, the very first antipsychotic used in a clinical setting), also block serotonin receptors. Having been on one or more antipsychotics for any appreciable amount of time results in dramatically reduced sensitivity to neuroleptics with a similar, if not identical, mechanism of action. However, an antipsychotic with a substantial disparity in pharmacology (e.g. haloperidol and quetiapine) may retain significant efficacy.

Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

A MAO inhibitor allows for more serotonin release by inhibiting enzymes that break down serotonin. Some of the other drugs block the reuptake transporter which takes some of the neurotransmitters back up, and disallows for the neurotransmitter to reach the next synapse.^[4] In stark contrast, several anticonvulsants, such as carbamazepine and lamotrigine are also used for mood disorders. This would demonstrate little to zero cross-tolerance with serotonergic and/or lithium treatment.

Opioid analgesics

These drugs mimic three classes of endorphins, such as endomorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins. All three of these classes each have their own receptor-mu, kappa, and delta. Opioids will bind to the receptor for the endorphin they are most chemically similar to. Tolerance develops quickly with regular use, with the down regulation of the stimulated receptors to blame.

Psychotropics

Amphetamine and cocaine block the reuptake of dopamine. Amphetamine also helps release dopamine from presynaptic membranes. Psychedelic drugs generally act through modulation of serotonin, hence, the high affinity of psychedelics for the 5HT-2A Receptor. Caffeine increases the metabolic activity of cells. It inhibits the enzyme which breaks down cAMP, allowing for further glucose production and therefore, more energy.^[5]

Drugs of Different Classifications

Sometimes cross-tolerance occurs between two drugs that do not share mechanisms of action or classification. For example, amphetamine and amphetamine-like stimulants have been shown to exhibit cross-tolerance with caffeine, and it is likely the mechanism of cross-tolerance involves the dopamine D(1) receptor.^[6] Amphetamines also have cross-tolerance with pseudoephedrine, as pseudoephedrine can block dopamine uptake in the same manner that amphetamines do, but less potently.^[7]

Alcohol is another substance that often cross-tolerates with other drugs. Findings of cross-tolerance with nicotine in animal models suggest that it is also possible in humans, and may explain why the two drugs are often used together.^[8] Numerous studies have also suggested the possibility of cross-tolerance between alcohol and cannabis.^[9]

References

^ Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Whishaw. An Introduction to Brain and Behavior. New York: Worth Publishers, 2014. Print.
^ The Free Dictionary
^ Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Whishaw. An Introduction to Brain and Behavior. New York: Worth Publishers, 2014. Print.
^ Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Whishaw. An Introduction to Brain and Behavior. New York: Worth Publishers, 2014. Print.
^ Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Whishaw. An Introduction to Brain and Behavior. New York: Worth Publishers, 2014. Print.
^ Jain R. and S.G. Holtzmann. 2005. Caffeine Induces Differential Cross Tolerance to the Amphetamine-like Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Dopaminergic Agonists. Brain Research Bulletin 65(5): 415-421.
^ Ruksee N., W. Tonjaroenbuaranga, S. Casallotti, and P. Gobitrapong. 2008. Amphetamine and Pseudoephedrine Cross-Tolerance Measured by c-Fos Protein Expression in Brains of Chronically Treated Rats. BMC Neuroscience 9(99).
^ Funk D., P. Marinelli, and A. Le. 2006. Biological Processes Underlying Co-use of Alcohol and Nicotine: Neuronal Mechanisms, Crosstolerance, and Genetic Factors. Alcohol Research and Health 29(3): 186-192.
^ Pava M. and J. Woodward. 2012. A Review of the Interactions between Alcohol and the Endocannabinoid System: Implications for Alcohol Dependence and Future Directions for Research. Alcohol 46(3): 185-204.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 食物アレルギーの病因 pathogenesis of food allergy
2. 食物アレルゲン：臨床的特徴および交叉反応の概要 food allergens overview of clinical features and cross reactivity
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5. 異文化間でのケアおよびコミュニケーション cross cultural care and communication

English Journal

Intermittent cocaine self-administration produces sensitization of stimulant effects at the dopamine transporter.

Calipari ES1, Ferris MJ, Siciliano CA, Zimmer BA, Jones SR.Author information 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.AbstractPrevious literature investigating neurobiological adaptations following cocaine self-administration has shown that high, continuous levels of cocaine intake (long access; LgA) results in reduced potency of cocaine at the dopamine transporter (DAT), whereas an intermittent pattern of cocaine administration (intermittent access; IntA) results in sensitization of cocaine potency at the DAT. Here, we aimed to determine whether these changes are specific to cocaine or translate to other psychostimulants. Psychostimulant potency was assessed by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in brain slices containing the nucleus accumbens following IntA, short access, and LgA cocaine self-administration, as well as in brain slices from naive animals. We assessed the potency of amphetamine (a releaser), and methylphenidate (a DAT blocker, MPH). MPH was selected because it is functionally similar to cocaine and structurally related to amphetamine. We found that MPH and amphetamine potencies were increased following IntA, whereas neither was changed following LgA or short access cocaine self-administration. Therefore, whereas LgA-induced tolerance at the DAT is specific to cocaine as shown in previous work, the sensitizing effects of IntA apply to cocaine, MPH, and amphetamine. This demonstrates that the pattern with which cocaine is administered is important in determining the neurochemical consequences of not only cocaine effects but potential cross-sensitization/cross-tolerance effects of other psychostimulants as well.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2014 May;349(2):192-8. doi: 10.1124/jpet.114.212993. Epub 2014 Feb 24.
Previous literature investigating neurobiological adaptations following cocaine self-administration has shown that high, continuous levels of cocaine intake (long access; LgA) results in reduced potency of cocaine at the dopamine transporter (DAT), whereas an intermittent pattern of cocaine administ
PMID 24566123

Induced tolerance from a sublethal insecticide leads to cross-tolerance to other insecticides.

Hua J1, Jones DK, Relyea RA.Author information 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh , 101 Clapp Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.AbstractAs global pesticide use increases, the ability to rapidly respond to pesticides by increasing tolerance has important implications for the persistence of nontarget organisms. A recent study of larval amphibians discovered that increased tolerance can be induced by an early exposure to low concentrations of a pesticide. Since natural systems are often exposed to a variety of pesticides that vary in mode of action, we need to know whether the induction of increased tolerance to one pesticide confers increased tolerance to other pesticides. Using larval wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), we investigated whether induction of increased tolerance to the insecticide carbaryl (AChE-inhibitor) can induce increased tolerance to other insecticides that have the same mode of action (chlorpyrifos, malathion) or a different mode of action (Na(+)channel-interfering insecticides; permethrin, cypermethrin). We found that embryonic exposure to sublethal concentrations of carbaryl induced higher tolerance to carbaryl and increased cross-tolerance to malathion and cypermethrin but not to chlorpyrifos or permethrin. In one case, the embryonic exposure to carbaryl induced tolerance in a nonlinear pattern (hormesis). These results demonstrate that that the newly discovered phenomenon of induced tolerance also provides induced cross-tolerance that is not restricted to pesticides with the same mode of action.
Environmental science & technology.Environ Sci Technol.2014 Apr 1;48(7):4078-85. doi: 10.1021/es500278f. Epub 2014 Mar 12.
As global pesticide use increases, the ability to rapidly respond to pesticides by increasing tolerance has important implications for the persistence of nontarget organisms. A recent study of larval amphibians discovered that increased tolerance can be induced by an early exposure to low concentrat
PMID 24579768

Long-term Heat Exposure Prevents Hypoxia-Induced Apoptosis in Mouse Fibroblast Cells.

Sugimoto N1, Shido O, Matsuzaki K, Katakura M, Hitomi Y, Tanaka M, Sawaki T, Fujita Y, Kawanami T, Masaki Y, Okazaki T, Nakamura H, Koizumi S, Yachie A, Umehara H.Author information 1Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan, ns@med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.AbstractLong-term continuous exposure to high ambient temperatures induces complete heat acclimation in humans and animals. However, to date, the effects of long-term exposure to heat stress on cells have not been fully evaluated. In this study, we investigated an adaptive physiological process induced in culture cells by continuous exposure to mild heat stress for 60 days. The results of this investigation provide evidence that after long-term heat acclimation in cells, (1) heat shock protein levels are increased, (2) hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression is upregulated, and (3) heat shock-induced and hypoxia-induced apoptoses are attenuated. These results suggest that the hypoxia response pathway is an intrinsic part of the heat acclimation repertoire and that the HIF-1 pathway following long-term heat acclimation induces cells with cross tolerance against hypoxia.
Cell biochemistry and biophysics.Cell Biochem Biophys.2014 Mar 20. [Epub ahead of print]
Long-term continuous exposure to high ambient temperatures induces complete heat acclimation in humans and animals. However, to date, the effects of long-term exposure to heat stress on cells have not been fully evaluated. In this study, we investigated an adaptive physiological process induced in c
PMID 24648161

Japanese Journal

Neuroanesthesia : history and the future

Sakabe Takefumi
The bulletin of the Yamaguchi Medical School 56(3-4), 21-31, 2009
… Further, it is hoped that the measures to induce ischemic cross-tolerance by certain physico-pharmacological measures can be applied in clinical practice in the future. …
NAID 120001958779

Effects of Loperamide on Mechanical Allodynia Induced by Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 in Mice

SASAKI Atsushi,NAKASHIMA Yasutaka,TAKASAKI Ichiro,ANDOH Tsugunobu,SHIRAKI Kimiyasu,KURAISHI Yasushi
Journal of pharmacological sciences 104(3), 218-224, 2007-07-20
… Acute and subacute tolerance did not develop to the anti-allodynic effect of loperamide. … In addition, there were no cross-tolerance between local opioids (morphine and loperamide) and systemic morphine. … These results suggest that stimulation of peripheral μ-opioid receptors suppresses herpetic allodynia without tolerance development. …
NAID 10024314645

クマムシの極限環境耐性(セミナー「様々なストレスへの交差的耐性の獲得-Cross Protection研究の現状と展望-」)

堀川大樹
低温生物工学会誌 52(1), 61-65, 2006-08-21
… Tardigrades may provide a useful model system to study extreme environmental biology in the future, although the mechanisms of tolerance to extreme environments remain unknown. … We will summarize extraordinary high stress tolerance in tardigrades and discuss the possible mechanism responsible for it. …
NAID 110006783018

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「薬物濫用」「crosstolerant」「cross-tolerant」「交差耐性」「crosstolerance」
関連記事	「cross」「crossing」「crossed」「tolerance」

「薬物濫用」

　　[★]

英: drug abuse, substance abuse
同: 薬物乱用
関: 薬物依存、薬物嗜癖、物質乱用、物質依存症、薬物使用、接着剤吸引

薬物使用が身体に及ぼす効果

濫用 substance abuse：a pattern of abnormal substance use that leads to impairment of occupational, physical, or social functioning(BBS.73)
依存 substance dependence：ub stance abuse puls withdrawal symptoms, tolerance, or a pattern of repetitive use(BBS.73)
離脱 withdrawal：the development of physical or pschological symptoms after the reduction or cessation of intake of a substance(BBS.73)
耐性 tolerance：the need for increased amounts of the substance to achieve the same positive psychological effect(BBS.73)
交差耐性 cross-tolerance：the development of tolerance to one substance as the result of using another substance(BBS.73)

薬物

1. 中枢神経興奮薬(覚醒剤を含む) stimulants　　身体依存はないとされている

カフェイン caffeine
ニコチン nicotine
amphetamines　精神依存有り。身体依存無し

アンフェタミン amphetamine　精神依存有り。身体依存無し。耐性は連用で出現
デキストロアンフェタミン dextroamphetamine Dexedrine
メタンフェタミン methamphetamine Desoxyn speed ice ヒロポン　精神依存有り。身体依存無し。耐性は連用で出現　　←　以前、日本で多く使われた
メチルフェニデート methylphenidate Ritalin
methylene dioxymethamphetamine MDMA ecstasy

コカイン cocaine crack freebase　精神依存有り。身体依存無し　精神依存生じやすい。耐性発現殆ど無し　コカ

2. sedatives

alcohol　　精神依存有り。身体依存有り。
barbiturates
benzodiazepines

⇔flumazenil Mazicon Romazicon

3. opioids

morphine　精神依存・身体依存有り　けし
heroin　精神依存・身体依存が強い。耐性発現早い。離脱症状激しい
codeine
pethidine
fentanyl
methadone
l-alpha-acetylmethadol acetate LAMM
buprenorphine Temgesic

4. hallucinogens and related agents

cannabis(marijuana(tetrahydrocannabinol THC,hashish)　精神依存有り。身体依存無し　精神依存軽度。耐性は長期使用で軽度出現　大麻草
lysergic acid diethylamide LSD
phencyclidine PCP angel dust
psilocybin
mescaline

精神依存、身体依存

	精神依存	身体依存
コカイン、アンフェタミン類(アンフェタミン、メチルフェタミン)、大麻	○
麻薬(モルヒネ、ヘロイン、コデイン)、バルビツール酸系(フェノバルビタール、チオペンタール)、アルコール	○	○