cross-sectional survey

断面調査、横断調査

関

cross-sectional study

WordNet

1. trace a line through or across; "cross your `t"
2. any affliction that causes great suffering; "that is his cross to bear"; "he bears his afflictions like a crown of thorns" (同)crown_of_thorns
3. a wooden structure consisting of an upright post with a transverse piece
4. extending or lying across; in a crosswise direction; at right angles to the long axis; "cross members should be all steel"; "from the transverse hall the stairway ascends gracefully"; "transversal vibrations"; "transverse colon" (同)transverse, transversal, thwartwise
5. to cover or extend over an area or time period; "Rivers traverse the valley floor", "The parking lot spans 3 acres"; "The novel spans three centuries" (同)traverse, span, sweep
6. fold so as to resemble a cross; "she crossed her legs"
7. meet and pass; "the trains crossed"
8. a land unit equal to 1 square mile
9. one of several parts or pieces that fit with others to constitute a whole object; "a section of a fishing rod"; "metal sections were used below ground"; "finished the final segment of the road" (同)segment
10. a small class of students who are part of a larger course but are taught separately; "a graduate student taught sections for the professors lecture course" (同)discussion section
11. (geometry) the area created by a plane cutting through a solid (同)plane section
12. a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical); "he always turns first to the business section"; "the history of this work is discussed in the next section" (同)subdivision
13. a distinct region or subdivision of a territorial or political area or community or group of people; "no section of the nation is more ardent than the South"; "there are three synagogues in the Jewish section"
14. a division of an orchestra containing all instruments of the same class
15. a segment of a citrus fruit; "he ate a section of the orange"
16. a small army unit usually having a special function
17. a small team of policemen working as part of a police platoon
18. a very thin slice (of tissue or mineral or other substance) for examination under a microscope; "sections from the left ventricle showed diseased tissue"
19. plot a map of (land)
20. a detailed critical inspection (同)study
21. consider in a comprehensive way; "He appraised the situation carefully before acting" (同)appraise
22. look over carefully or inspect; "He surveyed his new classmates"
23. make a survey of; for statistical purposes
24. a path (often marked) where something (as a street or railroad) can be crossed to get from one side to the other (同)crosswalk, crossover
25. a voyage across a body of water (usually across the Atlantic Ocean)
26. traveling across
27. a point where two lines (paths or arcs etc.) intersect
28. relating to or based upon a section (i.e. as if cut through by an intersecting plane); "a sectional view"; "sectional drawings"
29. a piece of furniture made up of sections that can be arranged individually or together
30. consisting of or divided into sections; "a sectional sofa"; "sectioned plates" (同)sectioned
31. related or limited to a distinct region or subdivision of a territory or community or group of people; "sectional tensions arose over slavery"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉(昔,罪人のはりつけの刑に用いた)『十字架』 / 《the C-》キリストがはりつけになった十字架;キリスト教の象徴としての十字架 / 〈C〉十字(キリスト教徒が右手で切る) / 〈C〉イエスのために耐える苦しみ,受難 / 〈C〉十字架像;(紋章などの)十字形 / 〈C〉キリスト教信仰;《集合的に》キリスト教徒 / 〈C〉十字記号(crisscross)(+または×) / 〈C〉《修飾語を伴って》十字勲章 / 《『the Cross』》南十字星(the Southern Cross) / 〈C〉(動物・植物の)(…間の)異種交配;雑種《+『between』+『名』+『and』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(ボクシングの)クロスパンチ / (信仰のしるしとして)〈人・自分〉‘に'『十字を切る』 / …'を'『交差させる』(『する』) / …‘に'『交差させて線を引く』;《英》〈小切手〉‘に'線引きする;…'を'横線(×印)をつけて消す《+『名』+『out』(『off』),+『out』(『off』)+『名』》 / …'を'『横切る』,横断する,渡る / 〈心〉'を'よぎる,‘に'ふと浮かぶ / …‘と'すれ違う,行き違う / …'を'妨げる,‘の'じゃまをする / …'を'交配する / 『交差する』,交わる / (…へ)『横切る』,渡る《+『over to』+『名』》 / すれ違いになる / 〈動物・植物が〉交配する,雑種になる / おこりっぽい,ふきげんな / (風が)反対の / 十文字に交差した,横切った
2. 〈C〉(全体を構成する個々の)『部分』,部品;(全体の中で特定の用途・機能・特徴を持った)部分,部門 / 〈C〉(内部構造を児す)断面図;切断面 / 〈U〉切断すること,(外科の)切開;〈C〉(顕微鏡などで検査する組織の)切片 / 〈C〉《米》セクション(郡区(township)の36分の1に当たる1平方マイル(640エーカー)の土地区画の広さ) / …‘を'区分(分割)する / …‘の'断面[図]を作る
3. (全体的に)〈景色など〉‘を'『見渡す』,〈情勢など〉‘を'『概観する』 / (状態・価値などを確かめるため評細に)…‘を'『調査する』,検分する / 〈土地〉‘を'『測量する』 / 土地を測量する / 〈C〉〈U〉(…の)(詳細な)『調査』,検分《+of+名》 / 〈C〉(…を)『見渡すこと』,(…の)概観《+of+名》 / 〈C〉〈U〉(土地の)測量 / 〈C〉測量図
4. 横断,横切ること;渡航 / 交差点,十字路;踏切,《英》横断歩道(《米》crosswalk),(河川・水路の)横断場所 / 異種交配(crossbreeding)
5. 組み立て式の / 部分的な,局地的な / 断面[図]の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/20 05:53:52」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

In medical research and social science, a cross-sectional study (also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transversal study, prevalence study) is a type of observational study that involves the analysis of data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data.

In economics, cross-sectional studies typically involve the use of cross-sectional regression, in order to sort out the existence and magnitude of causal effects of one or more independent variables upon a dependent variable of interest at a given point in time. They differ from time series analysis, in which the behavior of one or more economic aggregates is traced through time.

In medical research, cross-sectional studies differ from case-control studies in that they aim to provide data on the entire population under study, whereas case-control studies typically include only individuals with a specific characteristic, with a sample, often a tiny minority, of the rest of the population. Cross-sectional studies are descriptive studies (neither longitudinal nor experimental). Unlike case-control studies, they can be used to describe, not only the odds ratio, but also absolute risks and relative risks from prevalences (sometimes called prevalence risk ratio, or PRR). They may be used to describe some feature of the population, such as prevalence of an illness, or they may support inferences of cause and effect. Longitudinal studies differ from both in making a series of observations more than once on members of the study population over a period of time.

Healthcare

Cross-sectional studies involve data collected at a defined time. They are often used to assess the prevalence of acute or chronic conditions, or to answer questions about the causes of disease or the results of intervention. They may also be described as censuses. Cross-sectional studies may involve special data collection, including questions about the past, but they often rely on data originally collected for other purposes. They are moderately expensive, and are not suitable for the study of rare diseases. Difficulty in recalling past events may also contribute bias.

Use of routine data: large scale, low cost to the researcher

The use of routinely collected data allows large cross-sectional studies to be made at little or no expense. This is a major advantage over other forms of epidemiological study. A natural progression has been suggested from cheap cross-sectional studies of routinely collected data which suggest hypotheses, to case-control studies testing them more specifically, then to cohort studies and trials which cost much more and take much longer, but may give stronger evidence. In a cross-sectional survey, a specific group is looked at to see if an activity, say alcohol consumption, is related to the health effect being investigated, say cirrhosis of the liver. If alcohol use is correlated with cirrhosis of the liver, this would support the hypothesis that alcohol use may cause cirrhosis.

Routine data not designed to answer the specific question

However, routinely collected data does not normally describe which variable is the cause and which the effect. Cross-sectional studies using data originally collected for other purposes are often unable to include data on confounding factors, other variables that affect the relationship between the putative cause and effect. For example, data only on present alcohol consumption and cirrhosis would not allow the role of past alcohol consumption, or of other causes, to be explored.

Most case-control studies collect specifically designed data on all participants, including data fields designed to allow the hypothesis of interest to be tested. However, in issues where strong personal feelings may be involved, specific questions may be a source of bias. For example, past alcohol consumption may be incorrectly reported by an individual wishing to reduce their personal feelings of guilt. Such bias may be less in routinely collected statistics, or effectively eliminated if the observations are made by third parties, for example taxation records of alcohol by area.

Aggregated data and the "ecological fallacy"

Cross-sectional studies can contain individual-level data (one record per individual, for example, in national health surveys). However, in modern epidemiology it may be impossible to survey the entire population of interest, so cross-sectional studies often involve secondary analysis of data collected for another purpose. In many such cases, no individual records are available to the researcher, and group-level information must be used. Major sources of such data are often large institutions like the Census Bureau or the Centers for Disease Control in the United States. Recent census data is not provided on individuals — in the UK individual census data is released only after a century. Instead data are aggregated, usually by administrative area. Inferences about individuals based on aggregate data are weakened by the ecological fallacy. Also consider the potential for committing the "atomistic fallacy" where assumptions about aggregated counts are made based on the aggregation of individual level data (such as averaging census tracts to calculate a county average). For example, it might be true that there is no correlation between infant mortality and family income at the city level, while still being true that there is a strong relationship between infant mortality and family income at the individual level. All aggregate statistics are subject to compositional effects, so that what matters is not only the individual-level relationship between income and infant mortality, but also the proportions of low, middle, and high income individuals in each city. Because case-control studies are usually based on individual-level data, they do not have this problem.

Economics

In economics, cross-sectional analysis has the advantage of avoiding various complicating aspects of the use of data drawn from various points in time, such as serial correlation of residuals. It also has the advantage that the data analysis itself does not need an assumption that the nature of the relationships between variables is stable over time, though this comes at the cost of requiring caution if the results for one time period are to be assumed valid at some different point in time.

An example of cross-sectional analysis in economics is the regression of money demand—the amounts that various people hold in highly liquid financial assets—at a particular time upon their income, total financial wealth, and various demographic factors. Each data point is for a particular individual or family, and the regression is conducted on a statistical sample drawn at one point in time from the entire population of individuals or families. In contrast, an intertemporal analysis of money demand would use data on an entire country's holdings of money at each of various points in time, and would regress that on contemporaneous (or near-contemporaneous) income, total financial wealth, and some measure of interest rates. The cross-sectional study has the advantage that it can investigate the effects of various demographic factors (age, for example) on individual differences; but it has the disadvantage that it cannot find the effect of interest rates on money demand, because in the cross-sectional study at a particular point in time all observed units are faced with the same current level of interest rates.

References

• Epidemiology for the Uninitiated by Coggon, Rose, and Barker, Chapter 8, "Case-control and cross-sectional studies", BMJ (British Medical Journal) Publishing, 1997
• Research Methods Knowledge Base by William M. K. Trochim, Web Center for Social Research Methods, copyright 2006
• Cross-Sectional Design by Michelle A. Saint-Germain

External links

• Study Design Tutorial Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

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English Journal

• A large-scale national study of gambling severity among immigrant and non-immigrant adolescents: The role of the family.

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• PMID 27930902

• Factors related to satisfaction with long-term care services among low-income Korean elderly adults: A national cross-sectional survey.

• Kwak C1, Lee E1, Kim H2.
• Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.Arch Gerontol Geriatr.2017 Mar - Apr;69:97-104. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.11.013. Epub 2016 Nov 21.
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• Leisure participation and subjective well-being: Exploring gender differences among elderly in Shanghai, China.

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• Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.Arch Gerontol Geriatr.2017 Mar - Apr;69:45-54. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.11.010. Epub 2016 Nov 19.
• OBJECTIVES: To explore the association between leisure participation and subjective well-being and the role gender in this issue among elderly Chinese in Shanghai, China.METHODS: Principal components analysis and logistic regressions are used to analyze the cross-sectional data of the 2013 Shanghai
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• Journal of UOEH = 産業医科大学雑誌 39(2), 143-151, 2017-06-01
• NAID 40021243794

• 千代田区内の中小規模医療機関における災害対策状況とニーズの実態

• 日本災害看護学会誌 18(3), 13-23, 2017-05
• NAID 40021242078

• 中学生の食事摂取量と運動習慣との関連性 : 熊本県の横断調査結果から

• 学校保健研究 = Japanese journal of school health 59(1), 19-27, 2017-04
• NAID 40021187382

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「断面調査」「横断調査」
関連記事	「cross」「survey」「section」「crossing」「crossed」

「断面調査」

　　[★]

英

cross-sectional study, cross-sectional survey

同

横断調査、横断研究、有病率研究 prevalence study

関

研究デザイン

[show details]

横断的研究 : 約 8,350 件
横断調査 : 約 7,700 件
断面調査 : 約 20,200 件

「横断調査」

　　[★]

英

cross-sectional survey

関

横断研究、断面調査

「cross」

　　[★]

• クロス、交雑種、横断する、通過する、交雑させる、交差する

関

crossbred、crossbreeding、crossing、crossing over、crosslink、crossreact、decussation、hybridization、hybridize、intersect、intersection、pass、pass through、passage、transect、transit、transversal、transverse

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「survey」

　　[★]

• n.

• 調査

• v.

• 調査する

関

data collection、data source、examine、exploration、explore、inquire、inquiry、investigate、investigation、investigational、investigative、probing、research、respondent、scan、study、surveillance

　 　 　 　 　 　

「section」

　　[★]

• section　切片、薄片
• bisection　二分
• dissection　切開、解離
• intersection　交差
• resection　切除、摘出
• transection　切断、切除、離断

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「crossing」

　　[★]

• 横断、交雑、交差性の、交叉性の

関

cross、crossbred、crossbreeding、crossed、hybridization、hybridize、transect、transversal、transverse

　 　 　 　 　

「crossed」

　　[★]

• 交差性の、交叉性の

関

crossing