WordNet

determining payment based on the actual cost of production plus an agreed-upon fee or rate of profit; "a cost-plus government contract"
a contract in which the contractor is paid his total cost plus a stated percentage of profit
require to lose, suffer, or sacrifice; "This mistake cost him his job"
the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor
be priced at; "These shoes cost $100" (同)be
on the positive side or higher end of a scale; "a plus value"; "temperature of plus 5 degrees"; "a grade of C plus"
involving advantage or good; "a plus (or positive) factor" (同)positive
lettuce with long dark-green leaves in a loosely packed elongated head (同)cos_lettuce, romaine, romaine lettuce
pecuniary reimbursement to the winning party for the expenses of litigation
cost accounting

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈品物が〉〈ある金額〉‘が'『かかる』,'を'要する / 〈物事が〉…'を'『犠牲にさせる』,失わせる / 〈仕事など〉‘の'手間(原価)を計算する / 『代価』,値段;《しばしば複数形で》経費,費用 / 《the cost》『犠牲』,損失 / 《複数形で》訴訟費用
『…を加えて,を足して』 / 《話》『…に加うるに』,とともに / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(数学で)『正の』,『プラスの』 / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(電気が)『陽の』 / 余分の(extra) / (等級が)…の上 / プラス記号,正号(plus sign)・正数(plus quantity) / 《話》剰余(じょうよ),利益;付加的な要素
cosine
=because

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/21 21:37:28」(JST)

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A cost-plus contract, also termed a cost reimbursement contract, is a contract where a contractor is paid for all of its allowed expenses to a set limit plus additional payment to allow for a profit.^[1] Cost-reimbursement contracts contrast with fixed-price contract, in which the contractor is paid a negotiated amount regardless of incurred expenses.

History

Cost-plus contracts first came into use in the United States during the World Wars to encourage wartime production by large American companies. According to Martin Kenney, they "allowed what were then small technology firms like Hewlett-Packard and Fairchild Semiconductor to charge the Department of Defense for the price of research and development that none could pay on its own. This enabled the firms to create technology products that eventually created entire new markets and economic sectors".^[2]

Types

There are four general types of cost-reimbursement contracts, all of which pay every allowable, allocatable, and reasonable cost incurred by the contractor, plus a fee or profit which differs by contract type.

Cost plus fixed-fee (CPFF) contracts pay a pre-determined fee that was agreed upon at the time of contract formation.
Cost-plus-incentive fee (CPIF) contracts have a larger fee awarded for contracts which meet or exceed performance targets, including any cost savings.^[3]
Cost-plus-award fee (CPAF) contracts pay a fee based upon the contractor's work performance. In some contracts, the fee is determined subjectively by an awards fee board whereas in others the fee is based upon objective performance metrics. An aircraft development contract, for example, may pay award fees if the contractor achieves certain speed, range, or payload capacity goals.
Cost plus percentage of cost pay a fee that rises as the contractor's cost rise. Because this contract type provides no incentive for the contractor to control costs it is rarely utilized. The U.S. Federal Acquisition Regulations specifically prohibit the use of this type for U.S. Federal Government contracting (FAR Part 16.102).

Contract type	U.S. government outlays in FY07^[4]
Award-fee contracts	$38 billion
Incentive-fee contracts	$8 billion
Fixed-fee contracts	$32 billion

Usage

A cost-reimbursement contract is appropriate when it is desirable to shift some risk of successful contract performance from the contractor to the buyer. It is most commonly used when the item purchased cannot be explicitly defined, as in research and development, or in cases where there is not enough data to accurately estimate the final cost.

Pros and cons

Advantages:

A cost-plus contract is often used when long-term quality is a much higher concern than cost,^{[citation needed]} such as in the United States space program.
Final cost may be less than a fixed price contract because contractors do not have to inflate the price to cover their risk.^{[dubious – discuss]}

Disadvantages:

There is limited certainty as to what the final cost will be.
Requires additional oversight and administration to ensure that only permissible costs are paid and that the contractor is exercising adequate overall cost controls.
Properly designing award or incentive fees also requires additional oversight and administration.
There is less incentive to be efficient compared to a fixed-price contract.

Recent trends

Between 1995 and 2001 fixed fee cost-plus contracts constituted the largest subgroup of cost-plus contracting in the U.S. defense sector. Starting in 2002 award-fee cost plus contracts took over the lead from fixed fee cost plus contracts.

The distribution of annual contract values by sector category and award types indicates that cost plus contracts in the past carried the largest importance in research, followed by services and products. In 2004, however, services replaced research as the dominant sector category for cost-plus contracts. For all other contract vehicles combined the relative ranking is reversed to the original cost-plus order, meaning that products lead, followed by service and research.

With cost-plus contracting being primarily designed for research and development, the percentage of cost-plus contracting within a contract is expected to be correlated to the percentage share of research undertaken in any given program. However, several programs, such as the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, UGM-133 Trident II, CVN-68, and the CVN-21 deviate from this pattern by continuing to make extensive usage of cost-plus contracting despite programs progressively moving beyond the research and development state.^[5]

References

^ Cost-Plus Contracts Center for Strategic and International Studies
^ Kenney, Martin (2 July 2014). "Silicon Valley’s Spy Problem". Project Syndicate.
^ Ibid
^ Defense Industrial Initiative Group - Current Issues: Cost Plus Contracting
^ Defense Industrial Initiatives Group - Cost-plus Contracting Narrated Slide Show

External links

The Federal Procurement Data System The central repository for U.S. Government contract information.
Defense Industrial Initiatives Group - Cost-plus Contracting Narrated Slide Show

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