| Corticotropin releasing hormone |
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PDB rendering based on 1go9.
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| Available structures |
| PDB |
Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB |
| List of PDB id codes |
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3EHT, 3EHU
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| Identifiers |
| Symbols |
CRH ; CRF; CRH1 |
| External IDs |
OMIM: 122560 MGI: 88496 HomoloGene: 599 GeneCards: CRH Gene |
| Gene ontology |
| Molecular function |
• receptor binding
• hormone activity
• neuropeptide hormone activity
• protein binding
• corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 binding
• corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 binding
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| Cellular component |
• extracellular region
• extracellular space
• cytoplasm
• varicosity
• perikaryon
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| Biological process |
• positive regulation of protein phosphorylation
• synaptic transmission, dopaminergic
• glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
• inflammatory response
• signal transduction
• synaptic transmission
• female pregnancy
• parturition
• learning or memory
• positive regulation of cell proliferation
• associative learning
• hormone-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway
• positive regulation of gene expression
• negative regulation of gene expression
• negative regulation of norepinephrine secretion
• positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, wakefulness
• positive regulation of cell death
• regulation of serotonin secretion
• diterpenoid metabolic process
• hypothalamus development
• lung development
• adrenal gland development
• positive regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process
• negative regulation of epinephrine secretion
• negative regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
• locomotory exploration behavior
• positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus
• response to immobilization stress
• negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
• response to drug
• response to estrogen
• response to ethanol
• response to ether
• negative regulation of blood pressure
• response to pain
• ion homeostasis
• response to corticosterone
• positive regulation of corticotropin secretion
• positive regulation of cortisol secretion
• long-term synaptic potentiation
• positive regulation of digestive system process
• negative regulation of cell death
• negative regulation of glucagon secretion
• cellular response to cocaine
• cellular response to dexamethasone stimulus
• positive regulation of calcium ion import
• regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity
• positive regulation of corticosterone secretion
• positive regulation of behavioral fear response
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| Sources: Amigo / QuickGO |
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| RNA expression pattern |
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| More reference expression data |
| Orthologs |
| Species |
Human |
Mouse |
| Entrez |
1392 |
12918 |
| Ensembl |
ENSG00000147571 |
ENSMUSG00000049796 |
| UniProt |
P06850 |
Q8CIT0 |
| RefSeq (mRNA) |
NM_000756 |
NM_205769 |
| RefSeq (protein) |
NP_000747 |
NP_991338 |
| Location (UCSC) |
Chr 8:
66.18 – 66.18 Mb |
Chr 3:
19.69 – 19.7 Mb |
| PubMed search |
[1] |
[2] |
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) also known as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or corticoliberin is a peptide hormone and neurotransmitter involved in the stress response. It belongs to corticotropin-releasing factor family. In humans, it is encoded by the CRH gene.[1]
Its main function is the stimulation of the pituitary synthesis of ACTH, as part of the HPA Axis.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a 41-amino acid peptide derived from a 196-amino acid preprohormone. CRH is secreted by the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus in response to stress. Increased CRH production has been observed to be associated with Alzheimer's disease and major depression,[2] and autosomal recessive hypothalamic corticotropin deficiency has multiple and potentially fatal metabolic consequences including hypoglycemia.[1] In addition to being produced in the hypothalamus, CRH is also synthesized in peripheral tissues, such as T lymphocytes, and is highly expressed in the placenta. In the placenta, CRH is a marker that determines the length of gestation and the timing of parturition and delivery. A rapid increase in circulating levels of CRH occurs at the onset of parturition, suggesting that, in addition to its metabolic functions, CRH may act as a trigger for parturition.[1]
Contents
- 1 Hormonal actions
- 2 Psychopharmacology
- 3 Role in parturition
- 4 Structure
- 5 Role in non-mammalian vertebrates
- 6 Interactions
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 Further reading
Hormonal actions
CRH is produced by parvocellular neuroendocrine cells within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and is released at the median eminence from neurosecretory terminals of these neurons into the primary capillary plexus of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. The portal system carries the CRH to the anterior lobe of the pituitary, where it stimulates corticotropes to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and other biologically-active substances (β-endorphin). ACTH stimulates the synthesis of cortisol, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and DHEA.[3]
In the short term, CRH can suppress appetite, increase subjective feelings of anxiety, and perform other functions like boosting attention. Although the distal action of CRH is immunosuppression via the action of cortisol, CRH itself can actually heighten inflammation, a process being investigated in multiple sclerosis research.[4]
Psychopharmacology
The CRH-1 receptor antagonist pexacerfont is currently under investigation for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.[5] Another CRH-1 antagonist antalarmin has been researched in animal studies for the treatment of anxiety, depression and other conditions, but no human trials with this compound have been carried out.
Also, abnormally high levels of CRH have been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of people that have committed suicide.[6]
Recent research has linked the activation of the CRH1 receptor with the euphoric feelings that accompany alcohol consumption. A CRH1 receptor antagonist developed by Pfizer, CP-154,526 is under investigation for the potential treatment of alcoholism.[7][8]
Alpha-helical CRH-(9–41) acts as a CRH antagonist.[9]
Role in parturition
CRH is also synthesized by the placenta and seems to determine the duration of pregnancy.[10]
Levels rise towards the end of pregnancy just before birth and current theory suggests three roles of CRH in parturition:[11]
- Increases levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) directly by action on the fetal adrenal gland, and indirectly via the mother's pituitary gland. DHEA has a role in preparing for and stimulating cervical contractions.
- Increases prostaglandin availability in uteroplacental tissues. Prostaglandins activate cervical contractions.
- Prior to parturition it may have a role inhibiting contractions, through increasing cAMP levels in the myometrium.
In culture, trophoblast CRH is inhibited by progesterone, which remains high throughout pregnancy. Its release is stimultated by glucocorticoids and catecholamines, which increase prior to parturition lifting this progesterone block.[12]
Structure
The 41-amino acid sequence of CRH was first discovered in sheep by Vale et al. in 1981.[13] Its full sequence is:
- SQEPPISLDLTFHLLREVLEMTKADQLAQQAHSNRKLLDIA
The rat and human peptides are identical and differ from the ovine sequence only by 7 amino acids.[14]
- SEEPPISLDLTFHLLREVLEMARAEQLAQQAHSNRKLMEII
Role in non-mammalian vertebrates
In mammals, studies suggest that CRH has no significant thyrotropic effect. However, in representatives of all non-mammalian vertebrates, it has been found that, in addition to its corticotropic function, CRH has a potent thyrotropic function, acting with TRH to control the thyroid axis (TRH has been found to be less potent than CRH in some species).[15][16]
Interactions
Corticotropin-releasing hormone has been shown to interact with corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1.[17][18]
See also
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor
- ACTH
- Glucocorticoids
- Proopiomelanocortin
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- Corticorelin
- Cushing's syndrome
- Addison's disease
References
- ^ a b c "Entrez Gene: CRH corticotropin releasing hormone".
- ^ Raadsheer FC, van Heerikhuize JJ, Lucassen PJ, Hoogendijk WJ, Tilders FJ, Swaab DF (September 1995). "Corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of patients with Alzheimer's disease and depression". Am J Psychiatry 152 (9): 1372–6. PMID 7653697.
- ^ "Corticotrophin-releasing hormone". September 5, 2012. Society for Endocrinology.
- ^ Paul, William E. (September 1993). "Infectious Diseases and the Immune System". Scientific American 269 (3): 112. Bibcode:1993SciAm.269c..90P. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0993-90.
- ^ "Study of Pexacerfont (BMS-562086) in the Treatment of Outpatients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder". ClinicalTrials.gov. 2008-08-01. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
- ^ Arató M, Bánki CM, Bissette G, Nemeroff CB (1989). "Elevated CSF CRF in suicide victims". Biol. Psychiatry 25 (3): 355–9. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90183-2. PMID 2536563.
- ^ "Drug Has Potential To Prevent Alcoholics From Relapsing". Science News. ScienceDaily. 2008-08-02. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
- ^ Pastor R, McKinnon CS, Scibelli AC, Burkhart-Kasch S, Reed C, Ryabinin AE, Coste SC, Stenzel-Poore MP, Phillips TJ (July 2008). "Corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor involvement in behavioral neuroadaptation to ethanol: a urocortin1-independent mechanism". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (26): 9070–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.0710181105. PMC 2449366. PMID 18591672.
- ^ Santos J, Saunders PR, Hanssen NP, Yang PC, Yates D, Groot JA, Perdue MH (1 August 1999). "Corticotropin-releasing hormone mimics stress-induced colonic epithelial pathophysiology in the rat". Am. J. Physiol. 277 (2 Pt 1): G391–9. PMID 10444454.
- ^ Kimball JW (2006-06-15). "Hormones of the Hypothalamus". Kimball's Biology Pages. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
- ^ Lye S, Challis JRG (2001). "Chapter 12: Parturition". In Bocking AD, Harding R. Fetal growth and development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 241–266. ISBN 0-521-64543-3.
- ^ Jones SA, Brooks AN, Challis JR (April 1989). "Steroids modulate corticotropin-releasing hormone production in human fetal membranes and placenta". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 68 (4): 825–30. doi:10.1210/jcem-68-4-825. PMID 2537843.
- ^ Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, Rivier J (September 1981). "Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and beta-endorphin". Science 213 (4514): 1394–7. doi:10.1126/science.6267699. PMID 6267699.
- ^ Chrousos GP, Schuermeyer TH, Doppman J, Oldfield EH, Schulte HM, Gold PW, Loriaux DL (March 1985). "NIH conference. Clinical applications of corticotropin-releasing factor". Annals of internal medicine 102 (3): 344–358. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-102-3-344. PMID 2982307.
- ^ Seasholtz AF, Valverde RA, Denver RJ (October 2002). "Corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein: biochemistry and function from fishes to mammals". The Journal of endocrinology 175 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1677/joe.0.1750089. PMID 12379493.
- ^ De Groef B, Van der Geyten S, Darras VM, Kühn ER (March 2006). "Role of corticotropin-releasing hormone as a thyrotropin-releasing factor in non-mammalian vertebrates". General and comparative endocrinology 146 (1): 62–8. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.10.014. PMID 16337947.
- ^ Grammatopoulos DK, Dai Y, Randeva HS, Levine MA, Karteris E, Easton AJ, Hillhouse EW (December 1999). "A novel spliced variant of the type 1 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor with a deletion in the seventh transmembrane domain present in the human pregnant term myometrium and fetal membranes". Mol. Endocrinol. 13 (12): 2189–202. doi:10.1210/me.13.12.2189. PMID 10598591.
- ^ Gottowik J, Goetschy V, Henriot S, Kitas E, Fluhman B, Clerc RG, Moreau JL, Monsma FJ, Kilpatrick GJ (October 1997). "Labelling of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors using the novel radioligand, [3H]-urocortin". Neuropharmacology 36 (10): 1439–46. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(97)00098-1. PMID 9423932.
Further reading
- Florio P, Severi FM, Ciarmela P, Fiore G, Calonaci G, Merola A, De Felice C, Palumbo M, Petraglia F (2003). "Placental stress factors and maternal-fetal adaptive response: the corticotropin-releasing factor family". Endocrine 19 (1): 91–102. doi:10.1385/ENDO:19:1:91. PMID 12583606.
- Florio P, Rossi M, Sigurdardottir M, Ciarmela P, Luisi S, Viganò P, Grasso D, Fiore G, Cobellis L, Di Blasio AM, Petraglia F (2003). "Paracrine regulation of endometrial function: interaction between progesterone and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and activin A". Steroids 68 (10–13): 801–7. doi:10.1016/S0039-128X(03)00137-5. PMID 14667971.
- Vamvakopoulos NC, Karl M, Mayol V, Gomez T, Stratakis CA, Margioris A, Chrousos GP (1990). "Structural analysis of the regulatory region of the human corticotropin releasing hormone gene". FEBS Lett. 267 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(90)80272-K. PMID 2365075.
- Robinson BG, D'Angio LA, Pasieka KB, Majzoub JA (1989). "Preprocorticotropin releasing hormone: cDNA sequence and in vitro processing". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 61 (2): 175–80. doi:10.1016/0303-7207(89)90128-7. PMID 2783917.
- Arbiser JL, Morton CC, Bruns GA, Majzoub JA (1988). "Human corticotropin releasing hormone gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 8". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 47 (3): 113–6. doi:10.1159/000132525. PMID 3259914.
- Sasaki A, Tempst P, Liotta AS, Margioris AN, Hood LE, Kent SB, Sato S, Shinkawa O, Yoshinaga K, Krieger DT (1988). "Isolation and characterization of a corticotropin-releasing hormone-like peptide from human placenta". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 67 (4): 768–73. doi:10.1210/jcem-67-4-768. PMID 3262120.
- Shibahara S, Morimoto Y, Furutani Y, Notake M, Takahashi H, Shimizu S, Horikawa S, Numa S (1984). "Isolation and sequence analysis of the human corticotropin-releasing factor precursor gene". EMBO J. 2 (5): 775–9. PMC 555184. PMID 6605851.
- Behan DP, Heinrichs SC, Troncoso JC, Liu XJ, Kawas CH, Ling N, De Souza EB (1995). "Displacement of corticotropin releasing factor from its binding protein as a possible treatment for Alzheimer's disease". Nature 378 (6554): 284–7. doi:10.1038/378284a0. PMID 7477348.
- Kawahito Y, Sano H, Mukai S, Asai K, Kimura S, Yamamura Y, Kato H, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL, Kondo M (1996). "Corticotropin releasing hormone in colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis". Gut 37 (4): 544–51. doi:10.1136/gut.37.4.544. PMC 1382908. PMID 7489943.
- McLean M, Bisits A, Davies J, Woods R, Lowry P, Smith R (1995). "A placental clock controlling the length of human pregnancy". Nat. Med. 1 (5): 460–3. doi:10.1038/nm0595-460. PMID 7585095.
- Slominski A, Ermak G, Hwang J, Chakraborty A, Mazurkiewicz JE, Mihm M (1995). "Proopiomelanocortin, corticotropin releasing hormone and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor genes are expressed in human skin". FEBS Lett. 374 (1): 113–6. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(95)01090-2. PMID 7589495.
- Sutton SW, Behan DP, Lahrichi SL, Kaiser R, Corrigan A, Lowry P, Potter E, Perrin MH, Rivier J, Vale WW (1995). "Ligand requirements of the human corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein". Endocrinology 136 (3): 1097–102. doi:10.1210/en.136.3.1097. PMID 7867564.
- Vamvakopoulos NC, Chrousos GP (1994). "Structural organization of the 5' flanking region of the human corticotropin releasing hormone gene". DNA Seq. 4 (3): 197–206. doi:10.3109/10425179309015632. PMID 8161822.
- Perrin MH, Donaldson CJ, Chen R, Lewis KA, Vale WW (1994). "Cloning and functional expression of a rat brain corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor". Endocrinology 133 (6): 3058–61. doi:10.1210/en.133.6.3058. PMID 8243338.
- Romier C, Bernassau JM, Cambillau C, Darbon H (1993). "Solution structure of human corticotropin releasing factor by 1H NMR and distance geometry with restrained molecular dynamics". Protein Eng. 6 (2): 149–56. doi:10.1093/protein/6.2.149. PMID 8386360.
- Liaw CW, Grigoriadis DE, Lovenberg TW, De Souza EB, Maki RA (1997). "Localization of ligand-binding domains of human corticotropin-releasing factor receptor: a chimeric receptor approach". Mol. Endocrinol. 11 (7): 980–5. doi:10.1210/me.11.7.980. PMID 9178757.
- Timpl P, Spanagel R, Sillaber I, Kresse A, Reul JM, Stalla GK, Blanquet V, Steckler T, Holsboer F, Wurst W (1998). "Impaired stress response and reduced anxiety in mice lacking a functional corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1". Nat. Genet. 19 (2): 162–6. doi:10.1038/520. PMID 9620773.
- Perone MJ, Murray CA, Brown OA, Gibson S, White A, Linton EA, Perkins AV, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG (1998). "Procorticotrophin-releasing hormone: endoproteolytic processing and differential release of its derived peptides within AtT20 cells". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 142 (1–2): 191–202. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(98)00104-X. PMID 9783915.
- Willenberg HS, Bornstein SR, Hiroi N, Päth G, Goretzki PE, Scherbaum WA, Chrousos GP (2000). "Effects of a novel corticotropin-releasing-hormone receptor type I antagonist on human adrenal function". Mol. Psychiatry 5 (2): 137–41. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000720. PMID 10822340.
- Saeed B, Fawcett M, Self C (2001). "Corticotropin-releasing hormone binding to the syncytiotrophoblast membranes". Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 31 (2): 125–30. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00770.x. PMID 11168450.
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1go9: MONITORING THE STRUCTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF PHE12-->D-PHE12 AND LEU15-->AIB15 SUBSTITUTION IN H/R CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE: IMPLICATIONS FOR DESIGN OF CRH ANTAGONISTS.
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1goe: MONITORING THE STRUCTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF PHE12-->D-PHE12 AND LEU15-->AIB15 SUBSTITUTION IN H/R CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE: IMPLICATIONS FOR DESIGN OF CRH ANTAGONISTS.
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Hormones
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Endocrine
glands |
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Hypothalamic-
pituitary
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Hypothalamus
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- GnRH
- TRH
- Dopamine
- CRH
- GHRH/Somatostatin
- Melanin concentrating hormone
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Posterior pituitary
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Anterior pituitary
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- α
- FSH
- FSHB
- LH
- LHB
- TSH
- TSHB
- CGA
- Prolactin
- POMC
- CLIP
- ACTH
- MSH
- Endorphins
- Lipotropin
- GH
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Adrenal axis
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- Adrenal cortex
- aldosterone
- cortisol
- DHEA
- Adrenal medulla
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
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Thyroid
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- Thyroid hormone
- calcitonin
- Thyroid axis
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Parathyroid
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Gonadal axis
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Testis
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Ovary
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- estradiol
- progesterone
- activin and inhibin
- relaxin (pregnancy)
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Placenta
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- hCG
- HPL
- estrogen
- progesterone
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Pancreas
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- glucagon
- insulin
- amylin
- somatostatin
- pancreatic polypeptide
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Pineal gland
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- melatonin
- N,N-dimethyltryptamine
- 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
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| Other |
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Thymus
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- Thymosins
- Thymosin α1
- Beta thymosins
- Thymopoietin
- Thymulin
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Digestive system
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Stomach
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Duodenum
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- CCK
- Incretins
- secretin
- motilin
- VIP
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Ileum
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- enteroglucagon
- peptide YY
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Liver/other
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- Insulin-like growth factor
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Adipose tissue
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- leptin
- adiponectin
- resistin
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Skeleton
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Kidney
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- JGA (renin)
- peritubular cells
- calcitriol
- prostaglandin
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Heart
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Index of hormones
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| Description |
- Glands
- Hormones
- thyroid
- mineralocorticoids
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Diabetes
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- calcium balance
- corticosteroids
- oral hypoglycemics
- pituitary and hypothalamic
- thyroid
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Peptides: neuropeptides
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| Hormones |
see hormones
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| Opioid peptides |
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Dynorphins
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- Big dynorphin
- Dynorphin A
- Dynorphin B
- Leumorphin
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Endomorphins
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- Endomorphin-1
- Endomorphin-2
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Endorphins
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- α-Endorphin
- β-Endorphin
- γ-Endorphin
- α-Neoendorphin
- β-Neoendorphin
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Enkephalins
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- Met-enkephalin
- Leu-enkephalin
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Others
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- Adrenorphin
- Amidorphin
- Hemorphin
- Nociceptin
- Opiorphin
- Spinorphin
- Valorphin
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Other
neuropeptides |
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Kinins
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- Tachykinins: mammal
- Substance P
- Neurokinin A
- Neurokinin B
- amphibian
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Neuromedins
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Other
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- Angiotensin
- Bombesin
- Calcitonin gene-related peptide
- Carnosine
- Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript
- Delta sleep-inducing peptide
- FMRFamide
- Galanin
- Galanin-like peptide
- Gastrin releasing peptide
- Ghrelin
- Neuropeptide S
- Neuropeptide Y
- Neurophysins
- Neurotensin
- Pancreatic polypeptide
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide
- RVD-Hpα
- VGF
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Index of signal transduction
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| Description |
- Intercellular
- neuropeptides
- growth factors
- cytokines
- hormones
- Cell surface receptors
- ligand-gated
- enzyme-linked
- G protein-coupled
- immunoglobulin superfamily
- integrins
- neuropeptide
- growth factor
- cytokine
- Intracellular
- adaptor proteins
- GTP-binding
- MAP kinase
- Calcium signaling
- Lipid signaling
- Pathways
- hedgehog
- Wnt
- TGF beta
- MAPK ERK
- notch
- JAK-STAT
- apoptosis
- hippo
- TLR
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Neurotransmitters
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| Amino acid-derived |
- Major excitatory/inhibitory systems: Glutamate system: Agmatine
- Aspartic acid (aspartate)
- Cycloserine
- Glutamic acid (glutamate)
- Glycine
- Kynurenic acid
- NAA
- NAAG
- Proline
- Serine; GABA system: GABA
- GABOB
- GHB; Glycine system: α-Alanine
- β-Alanine
- Glycine
- Hypotaurine
- Proline
- Sarcosine
- Serine
- Taurine; GHB system: GHB
- T-HCA
- Biogenic amines: Monoamines: 6-OHM
- Dopamine
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Melatonin
- NAS (normelatonin)
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
- Serotonin (5-HT); Trace amines:
- 3-Iodothyronamine
- N-Methylphenethylamine
- N-Methyltryptamine
- m-Octopamine
- p-Octopamine
- Phenylethanolamine
- Phenethylamine
- Synephrine
- Tryptamine
- m-Tyramine
- p-Tyramine; Others: Histamine
- Neuropeptides: See here instead.
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| Lipid-derived |
- Endocannabinoids: 2-AG
- 2-AGE (noladin ether)
- 2-OG
- AA-5-HT
- Anandamide (AEA)
- DEA
- LPI
- NADA
- NAGly
- OEA
- Oleamide
- PEA
- SEA
- Virodhamine (OAE)
- Neurosteroids: See here instead.
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| Nucleobase-derived |
- Nucleosides: Adenosine system: Adenosine
- ADP
- AMP
- ATP
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| Vitamin-derived |
- Cholinergic system: Acetylcholine
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| Miscellaneous |
- Gasotransmitters: Carbon monoxide (CO)
- Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
- Nitrous oxide (NO); Candidates: Acetaldehyde
- Ammonia (NH3)
- Carbonyl sulfide (COS)
- Nitrous oxide (N2O)
- Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
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Index of the peripheral nervous system
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- Nerves
- cranial
- trigeminal
- cervical
- brachial
- lumbosacral plexus
- somatosensory
- spinal
- autonomic
- Physiology
- reflexes
- proteins
- neurotransmitters
- transporters
- Development
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| Disease |
- Autonomic
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Local anesthetics
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Neuropeptidergics
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| CGRP |
- Agonists: Amylin
- CGRP
- Pramlintide
- Antagonists: BI 44370 TA
- BMS-927711
- CGRP (8-37)
- MK-3207
- Olcegepant
- Rimegepant
- SB-268262
- Telcagepant
- Ubrogepant
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| Cholecystokinin |
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CCKA
|
- Agonists: Cholecystokinin
- CCK-4
- Antagonists: Amiglumide
- Asperlicin
- Devazepide
- Dexloxiglumide
- Lintitript
- Lorglumide
- Loxiglumide
- Pranazepide
- Proglumide
- Tarazepide
- Tomoglumide
|
|
|
CCKB
|
- Agonists: Cholecystokinin
- CCK-4
- Gastrin
- Antagonists: CI-988 (PD-134,308)
- Itriglumide
- L-365,360
- Netazepide
- Proglumide
- Spiroglumide
|
|
|
| CRH |
|
CRF1
|
- Agonists: Cortagine
- Corticorelin
- Corticotropin releasing hormone
- Sauvagine
- Stressin I
- Urocortin
- Antagonists: Antalarmin
- Astressin-B
- CP-154,526
- Emicerfont
- Hypericin
- LWH-234
- NBI-27914
- Pexacerfont
- R-121,919
- TS-041
- Verucerfont
|
|
|
CRF2
|
- Agonists: Corticorelin
- Corticotropin releasing hormone
- Sauvagine
- Urocortin
|
|
|
| Galanin |
|
GAL1
|
- Agonists: Galanin
- Galanin (1-15)
- Galanin-like peptide
- Galmic
- Galnon
- Antagonists: C7
- Dithiepine-1,1,4,4-tetroxide
- Galantide (M15)
- M32
- M35
- M40
- SCH-202596
|
|
|
GAL2
|
- Agonists: Galanin
- Galanin (1-15)
- Galanin (2-11)
- Galanin-like peptide
- Galmic
- Galnon
- J18
- Antagonists: C7
- Galantide (M15)
- M32
- M35
- M40
- M871
|
|
|
GAL3
|
- Agonists: Galanin
- Galanin (1-15)
- Galmic
- Galnon
- Antagonists: C7
- Galantide (M15)
- GalR3ant
- HT-2157
- M32
- M35
- M40
- SNAP-37889
- SNAP-398299
|
|
|
| Ghrelin/GHS |
- Agonists: Adenosine
- Alexamorelin
- Anamorelin
- Capromorelin
- CP-464709
- Cortistatin-14
- Examorelin (hexarelin)
- Ghrelin (lenomorelin)
- GHRP-1
- GHRP-3
- GHRP-4
- GHRP-5
- GHRP-6
- Ibutamoren (MK-677)
- Ipamorelin
- L-692,585
- LY-426410
- LY-444711
- Macimorelin
- Pralmorelin (GHRP-2)
- Relamorelin
- SM-130,686
- Tabimorelin
- Ulimorelin
- Antagonists: A-778,193
- Cortistatin-8
- (D-Lys3)-GHRP-6
- YIL-781
|
|
| MCH |
|
MCH1
|
- Agonists: Melanin concentrating hormone
- Antagonists: ATC-0065
- ATC-0175
- GW-803,430
- NGD-4715
- SNAP-7941
- SNAP-94847
|
|
|
MCH2
|
- Agonists: Melanin concentrating hormone
|
|
|
| Melanocortin |
|
MC1
|
- Agonists: α-MSH
- β-MSH
- γ-MSH
- ACTH (corticotropin)
- Afamelanotide
- BMS-470,539
- Bremelanotide
- HS-014
- HS-024
- Melanotan II
- Modimelanotide
- PL-8177
- SHU-8914
- SHU-9005
- SHU-9119
- SNAP-7941
|
|
|
MC2
|
- Agonists: ACTH (corticotropin)
- Alsactide
- Codactide
- Giractide
- Norleusactide (pentacosactride)
- Seractide
- Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)
- Tosactide (octacosactrin)
- Tricosactide
- Tridecactide
|
|
|
MC3
|
- Agonists: α-MSH
- β-MSH
- γ-MSH
- ACTH (corticotropin)
- Afamelanotide
- Bremelanotide
- Melanotan II
- Modimelanotide
- PG-931
- Antagonists: AGRP
- ASIP
- HS-014
- ML-00253764
- PG-106
- SHU-8914
- SHU-9005
- SHU-9119
|
|
|
MC4
|
- Agonists: α-MSH
- β-MSH
- γ-MSH
- ACTH (corticotropin)
- Afamelanotide
- AZD2820
- BIM-22493
- Bremelanotide
- LY-2112688
- Melanotan II
- MK-0493
- Modimelanotide
- PF-00446687
- PG-931
- PL-6983
- Ro 27-3225
- Setmelanotide
- THIQ
- Antagonists: AGRP
- ASIP
- HS-014
- HS-024
- HS-131
- JKC-363
- MCL-0020
- MCL-0042
- MCL-0129
- ML-00253764
- MPB-10
- SHU-8914
- SHU-9005
- SHU-9119
|
|
|
MC5
|
- Agonists: α-MSH
- β-MSH
- γ-MSH
- ACTH (corticotropin)
- Afamelanotide
- Bremelanotide
- HS-014
- HS-024
- Melanotan II
- Modimelanotide
- SHU-8914
- SHU-9005
- SHU-9119
- Antagonists: ASIP
- ML-00253764
|
|
|
Unsorted
|
- Agonists: Alsactide
- Codactide
- Giractide
- Norleusactide (pentacosactride)
- Seractide
- Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)
- Tosactide (octacosactrin)
- Tricosactide
- Tridecactide
|
|
|
| Neuropeptide S |
|
|
| Neuropeptide Y |
|
Y1
|
- Agonists: Neuropeptide Y
- Peptide YY
- Antagonists: BIBO-3304
- BIBP-3226
- BVD-10
- GR-231,118
- PD-160,170
|
|
|
Y2
|
- Agonists: 2-Thiouridine 5'-triphosphate
- Neuropeptide Y
- Neuropeptide Y (13-36)
- Peptide YY
- Peptide YY (3-36)
- Antagonists: BIIE-0246
- JNJ-5207787
- SF-11
|
|
|
Y4
|
- Agonists: GR-231,118
- Neuropeptide Y
- Pancreatic polypeptide
- Peptide YY
|
|
|
Y5
|
- Agonists: BWX-46
- Neuropeptide Y
- Peptide YY
- Antagonists: CGP-71683
- FMS-586
- L-152,804
- Lu AA-33810
- MK-0557
- NTNCB
- Velneperit (S-2367)
|
|
|
| Neurotensin |
|
NTS1
|
- Agonists: Neurotensin
- Neuromedin N
- Antagonists: Meclinertant
- SR-142,948
|
|
|
NTS2
|
- Antagonists: Levocabastine
- SR-142,948
|
|
|
| Opioid |
See here instead.
|
|
| Orexin |
|
OX1
|
- Agonists: Orexin-A
- Orexin-B
- Antagonists: ACT-335827
- ACT-462206
- Almorexant
- Filorexant
- Lemborexant
- SB-334,867
- SB-408,124
- SB-649,868
- Suvorexant
- TCS-1102
|
|
|
OX2
|
- Agonists: Orexin-A
- Orexin-B
- SB-668,875
- Antagonists: ACT-335827
- ACT-462206
- Almorexant
- EMPA
- Filorexant
- JNJ-10397049
- JNJ-42847922
- Lemborexant
- MK-1064
- SB-649,868
- Suvorexant
- TCS-1102
- TCS-OX2-29
|
|
|
| Oxytocin |
- Agonists: Aspartocin
- Carbetocin
- Cargutocin
- Demoxytocin
- Merotocin
- Nacartocin
- Oxytocin
- TC OT 39
- TGOT
- Vasotocin (argiprestocin)
- WAY-267,464
- Antagonists: Atosiban
- Barusiban
- Epelsiban
- Erlosiban
- L-368,899
- L-371,257
- L-372,662
- OBE001
- Retosiban
- SSR-126,768
- Tocinoic acid
- WAY-162,720
|
|
| Tachykinin |
|
NK1
|
- Antagonists: Aprepitant
- Befetupitant
- Burapitant
- Casopitant
- CI-1021
- CP-96,345
- CP-99,994
- CP-122,721
- Dapitant
- Ezlopitant
- Figopitant
- FK-888
- Fosaprepitant
- GR-203,040
- GW-597,599
- HSP-117
- L-733,060
- L-741,671
- L-743,310
- L-758,298
- Lanepitant
- LY-306,740
- Maropitant
- Netupitant
- NKP-608
- Nolpitantium besilate
- Orvepitant
- Rolapitant
- RP-67,580
- SDZ NKT 343
- Serlopitant
- Telmapitant
- Tradipitant
- Vestipitant
- Vofopitant
|
|
|
NK2
|
- Antagonists: GR-159,897
- Ibodutant
- Nepadutant
- Saredutant
|
|
|
NK3
|
- Antagonists: Osanetant
- Talnetant
|
|
|
| Vasopressin |
|
V1A
|
- Agonists: Felypressin
- Lypressin
- Ornipressin
- Selepressin
- Terlipressin
- Vasopressin (argipressin)
- Vasotocin (argiprestocin)
- Antagonists: Atosiban
- Conivaptan
- FR-218944
- JNJ-17079166
- JNJ-17308616
- LY-307174
- PF-184563
- Relcovaptan
- RG7314
- SRX246
- SRX251
- TC OT 39
- WAY-267,464
- YM-218
- YM-471
- YM-35471
|
|
|
V1B
|
- Agonists: Desmopressin
- Felypressin
- Lypressin
- Ornipressin
- Terlipressin
- Vasopressin (argipressin)
- Vasotocin (argiprestocin)
- Antagonists: ABT-436
- Nelivaptan
- ORG-52186
|
|
|
V2
|
- Agonists: Desmopressin
- Felypressin
- Lypressin
- Ornipressin
- TC OT 39
- Terlipressin
- Vasopressin (argipressin)
- Vasotocin (argiprestocin)
- Antagonists: Conivaptan
- JNJ-17079166
- Lixivaptan
- Mozavaptan
- RWJ-351647
- Satavaptan
- Tolvaptan
- YM-471
- YM-35471
|
|
|
Unsorted
|
- Antagonists: Ribuvaptan
- RWJ-339489
- VMAX-367
- VMAX-372
- VMAX-382
- YM-222546
|
|
|
|
See also: Peptidergics
|
|
