WordNet

a concavity in a surface produced by pressing; "he left the impression of his fingers in the soft mud" (同)impression, imprint
a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment (同)slump, economic crisis
a mental state characterized by a pessimistic sense of inadequacy and a despondent lack of activity
angular distance below the horizon (especially of a celestial object)
pushing down; "depression of the space bar on the typewriter"
sad feelings of gloom and inadequacy
of or relating to a cortex
a period during the 1930s when there was a worldwide economic depression and mass unemployment (同)Great_Depression

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『くぼ地』,くぼみ / 〈U〉〈C〉『意気消沈』,憂うつ;うつ病 / 〈C〉『不景気』,不況 / 〈U〉押し下げること,降下,低下
皮質から成る,皮質の,(特に)大脳皮質の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/21 14:47:08」(JST)

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Animation of cortical spreading depression

Cortical spreading depression is a wave of electrophysiological hyperactivity followed by a wave of inhibition, usually in the visual cortex.^[1]

Uses of the term

Neuroscientists use the term cortical spreading depression to represent at least one of the following cortical processes:

The spreading of a self-propagating wave of cellular depolarization in the cerebral cortex.
The spreading of a wave of ischemia passing through an area of cortex.
The spreading of a wave of vasoconstriction following vasodilation and prolonged sustained vasoconstriction of contiguous cortical arterioles.^[2]

The scintillating scotoma of migraine in humans may be related to the neurophysiologic phenomenon termed the spreading depression of Leão.^[3]

The spreading depression wave progresses across the cortex at approximately 2–5 mm/minute.^[4]

Increased extracellular potassium ion concentration and excitatory glutamate contribute to the initiation and propagation of cortical spreading depression, which is the underlying cause of migraine aura.^[5]

Chronic daily administration of migraine prophylactic drugs (topiramate, valproate, propranolol, amitriptyline, and methysergide) dose-dependently suppressed frequency of CSD induced by continuous cortical application of 1 M KCl solution.^[6] However lamotrigine (a drug with specific anti-aura action, but no efficacy in migraine in general) has a marked suppressive effect which correlates with its rather selective action on the migraine aura. Valproate and riboflavin were shown to have no effect on the triggering of cortical spreading depression though they are effective in migraine without aura.^[7] Taken together, these results are compatible with a causal role of cortical spreading depression in migraine with aura, but not in migraine without aura.

Notes

^ Dodick DW & Gargus JJ (August 2008). "Why migraines strike". Scientific American.
^ Brennan KC et al. (2007) "Distinct vascular conduction with cortical spreading depression." J Neurophysiol. 2007 Jun;97(6):4143-51. Epub 2007 Feb 28.
^ Leão AAP (1944). "Spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex". J Neurophysiol 7, 359-390.
^ Porooshani H, Porooshani GH, Gannon L, & Kyle GM (2004). "Speed of progression of migrainous visual aura measured by sequential field assessment". Neuro-Ophthalmology 28(2), 101-105.
^ Richter and Lehmenkühler (2008)
^ Ayata et al. (2006) "Suppression of cortical spreading depression in migraine prophylaxis." Ann Neurol. 2006 Apr;59(4):652-61.
^ Bogdanov et al. (2011) "Migraine preventive drugs differentially affect cortical spreading depression in rat." Neurobiol Dis. 2011 Feb;41(2):430-5. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.10.014. Epub 2010 Oct 23.

References

"Cortical spreading depression causes and coincides with tissue hypoxia", Nat Neurosci. 29 April 2007, Takano T, Tian GF, Peng W, Lou N, Lovatt D, Hansen AJ, Kasischke KA, Nedergaard M., Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
"A delayed class of BOLD waveforms associated with spreading depression in the feline cerebral cortex can be detected and characterised using independent component analysis (ICA)", Magn Reson Imaging. 21 November 2003, Netsiri C, Bradley DP, Takeda T, Smith MI, Papadakis N, Hall LD, Parsons AA, James MF, Huang CL., Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
"Cortical spreading depression (CSD): A neurophysiological correlate of migraine aura", Schmerz, May 17, 2008, Richter F, Lehmenkühler A.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における片頭痛の病態生理、臨床症状、および診断 pathophysiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of migraine in adults
2. 小児における片頭痛の病態生理、臨床的特徴、および診断 pathophysiology clinical features and diagnosis of migraine in children
3. 一過性脳虚血発作および脳卒中の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of transient ischemic attack and stroke
4. 脳幹の前兆を伴う片頭痛（脳底型片頭痛） migraine with brainstem aura basilar type migraine
5. 前庭片頭痛 vestibular migraine

English Journal

GABAA receptor α2 subtype activation suppresses retinal spreading depression.

Wang M1, Li Y2, Lin Y3.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2015 Jul 9;298:137-44. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.016. Epub 2015 Apr 18.
Cortical spreading depression (SD) is a transient propagating neuronal excitation followed by depression, which is generally accepted as the underlying cause of migraine. The inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor activation not only reduces cortical SD frequency and propagation, bu
PMID 25896802

Audiogenic kindling and secondary subcortico-cortical epileptogenesis: Behavioral correlates and electrographic features.

Vinogradova LV1.
Epilepsy & behavior : E&B.Epilepsy Behav.2015 Jul 3. pii: S1525-5050(15)00345-5. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.06.014. [Epub ahead of print]
Human epilepsy is usually considered to result from cortical pathology, but animal studies show that the cortex may be secondarily involved in epileptogenesis, and cortical seizures may be triggered by extracortical mechanisms. In the audiogenic kindling model, recurrent subcortical (brainstem-drive
PMID 26148984

ASICs as therapeutic targets for migraine.

Dussor G1.
Neuropharmacology.Neuropharmacology.2015 Jul;94:64-71. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.015. Epub 2015 Jan 9.
Migraine is the most common neurological disorder and one of the most common chronic pain conditions. Despite its prevalence, the pathophysiology leading to migraine is poorly understood and the identification of new therapeutic targets has been slow. Several processes are currently thought to contr
PMID 25582295