adj.

腐食性の、腐蝕性の

n.

腐食剤、腐蝕剤

関: caustic、caustic agent、caustics、corrosives、corrosivity

WordNet

spitefully sarcastic; "corrosive cristism"
a substance having the tendency to cause corrosion (such a strong acids or alkali)
of a substance, especially a strong acid; capable of destroying or eating away by chemical action (同)corrosive, erosive, vitriolic, mordant
any chemical substance that burns or destroys living tissue

PrepTutorEJDIC

(物を)腐食させる,腐食性の / (社会・人の心などを)むしばむ / 腐食剤
腐食性の,苟性(かせい)の / 痛烈な,きびしい / 腐食剤

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/07/21 07:20:08」(JST)

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The international pictogram for corrosive chemicals.

The international transport pictogram for corrosives.

A corrosive substance is one that will damage or destroy other substances with which it comes into contact by means of a chemical reaction.

Etymology

The word corrosive is derived from the Latin verb corrodere, which means to gnaw, indicating how these substances seem to "gnaw" their way through flesh or other materials.

Chemical terms

The word corrosive refers to any chemical that will dissolve the structure of an object. They can be acids, oxidizers, or bases. When they come in contact with a surface, the surface deteriorates. The deterioration can happen in minutes, e.g. concentrated muriatic acid spilled on skin; or slowly over days or years, e.g. the rusting of iron in a bridge.

Sometimes the word caustic is used as a synonym for corrosive, but caustic refers only to strong bases, particularly alkalis, and not to acids, oxidizers, or other non-alkaline corrosives.

At low concentrations, a corrosive substance is called an irritant, and its effect on living tissue is called irritation. At high concentrations, a corrosive substance causes a chemical burn, a distinct type of tissue damage. Corrosives are different from poisons in that corrosives are immediately dangerous to the tissues they contact, whereas poisons may have systemic toxic effects that require time to become evident. Colloquially, corrosives may be called poisons but the concepts are technically distinct. However, there is nothing which precludes a corrosive from being a poison; there are substances that are both corrosives and poisons.

Corrosion of non-living surfaces such as metals is a distinct process. For example, a water-air electrochemical cell corrodes iron to rust, corrodes copper to patina, and corrodes copper, silver, and other metals to tarnish.

In the international system of symbolic chemical labels, both rapid corrosion of metals and chemical corrosion of skin qualify for the corrosive symbol.

Effects on living tissue

Common corrosives are either strong acids, strong bases, or concentrated solutions of certain weak acids or weak bases. They can exist as any state of matter, including liquids, solids, gases, mists or vapors.

Their action on living tissue (e.g. skin, flesh and cornea) is mainly based on acid-base reactions of amide hydrolysis, ester hydrolysis and protein denaturation. Proteins (chemically composed of amide bonds) are destroyed via amide hydrolysis while lipids (which have ester bonds) are decomposed by ester hydrolysis. These reactions lead to chemical burns and are the mechanism of the destruction posed by corrosives.

Some corrosives possess other chemical properties which may extend their corrosive effects on living tissue. For example, sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) at a high concentration is also a strong dehydrating agent,^[1] capable of dehydrating carbohydrates and liberating extra heat. This results in secondary thermal burns in addition to the chemical burns and may speed up its decomposing reactions on the contact surface. Some corrosives, such as nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, are strong oxidizing agents as well, which significantly contributes to the extra damage caused. Hydrofluoric acid does not necessarily cause noticeable damage upon contact, but produces tissue damage and toxicity after being painlessly absorbed. Zinc chloride solutions are capable of destroying cellulose and corroding through paper and silk since the zinc cations in the solutions specifically attack hydroxyl groups, acting as a Lewis acid. This effect is not restricted to acids; so strong a base as calcium oxide, which has a strong affinity for water (forming calcium hydroxide, itself a strong and corrosive base), also releases heat capable of contributing thermal burns as well as delivering the corrosive effects of a strong alkali to moist flesh.^[2]

In addition, some corrosive chemicals, mostly acids such as hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, are volatile and can emit corrosive mists upon contact with air. Inhalation can damage the respiratory tract.

Corrosive substances are most hazardous to eyesight. A drop of a corrosive may cause blindness within 2–10 seconds through opacification or direct destruction of the cornea.

Ingestion of corrosives can induce severe consequences, including serious damage of the gastrointestinal tract, which can lead to vomiting, severe stomach aches^[3], and death.

Common types

Common corrosive chemicals are classified into:

Acids
- Strong acids – the most common are sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (H₂SO₄, HNO₃ and HCl, respectively).
- Some concentrated weak acids, for example formic acid and acetic acid
- Strong Lewis acids such as anhydrous aluminum chloride and boron trifluoride
- Lewis acids with specific reactivity; e.g., solutions of zinc chloride
- Extremely strong acids (superacids)
Bases
- Caustics or alkalis, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide
- Alkali metals in the metallic form (e.g. elemental sodium), and hydrides of alkali and alkaline earth metals, such as sodium hydride, function as strong bases and hydrate to give caustics
- Extremely strong bases (superbases) such as alkoxides, metal amides (e.g. sodium amide) and organometallic bases such as butyllithium
- Some concentrated weak bases, such as ammonia when anhydrous or in a concentrated solution
Dehydrating agents such as concentrated sulfuric acid, phosphorus pentoxide, calcium oxide, anhydrous zinc chloride, also elemental alkali metals
Strong oxidizers such as concentrated hydrogen peroxide
Electrophilic halogens: elemental fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, and electrophilic salts such as sodium hypochlorite or N-chloro compounds such as chloramine-T;^[4] halide ions are not corrosive, except for fluoride
Organic halides and organic acid halides such as acetyl chloride and benzyl chloroformate
Acid anhydrides
Alkylating agents such as dimethyl sulfate
Some organic materials such as phenol ("carbolic acid")

Personal protective equipment

Use of personal protective equipment, including items such as protective gloves, protective aprons, acid suits, safety goggles, a face shield, or safety shoes, is normally recommended when handling corrosive substances. Users should consult a safety data sheet for the specific recommendation for the corrosive substance of interest. The material of construction of the personal protective equipment is of critical importance as well. For example, although rubber gloves and rubber aprons may be made out of a chemically resistant elastomer such as nitrile rubber, neoprene, or butyl rubber, each of these materials has different resistance to different corrosives and they should not be substituted for each other.

Uses

Some corrosive chemicals are valued for various uses, the most common of which is in household cleaning agents. For example, most drain cleaners contain either acids or alkalis due to their capabilities of dissolving greases, proteins or mineral deposits such as limescale inside water pipes.^[5]

In chemical uses, high chemical reactivity is often desirable, as the rates of chemical reactions depend on the activity (effective concentration) of the reactive species. For instance, catalytic sulfuric acid is used in the alkylation process in an oil refinery: the activity of carbocations, the reactive intermediate, is higher with stronger acidity, and thus the reaction proceeds faster. Once used, corrosives are most often recycled or neutralized. However, there have been environmental problems with untreated corrosive effluents or accidental discharges.

References

^ "Sulfuric acid – uses". Archived from the original on 2013-05-09.
^ "CALCIUM OXIDE". hazard.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-01.
^ "Acid ingestion survivors recall ordeal". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 2018-09-10. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2018-09-11.CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "International Chemical Safety Card for Chloramine-T". Cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-01-06. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
^ "Drain and Waste systems cleaners". Archived from the original on 2013-02-20.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人の腐食性食道損傷caustic esophageal injury in adults [show details]
…esophageal and gastric damage resulting from a caustic ingestion depend upon the following factors : Corrosive properties (pH) of the ingested substance – Alkali ingestions typically damage the esophagus more …
2. 小児の腐食性食道損傷caustic esophageal injury in children [show details]
…produce superficial necrosis if left in contact with the mucosa for one hour . Acids – Acids or corrosive agents tend to cause esophageal injury if the pH is less than 2, via coagulation necrosis. As compared …
3. 成人における胃流出路閉塞gastric outlet obstruction in adults [show details]
…common than gastroduodenal damage. The protection of the duodenum may be due to antral spasm after corrosive exposure, causing closure of the pylorus. In one cohort of 179 patients with caustic ingestions …
4. 急性食道壊死（急性壊死性食道炎）acute esophageal necrosis black esophagus [show details]
…the esophagus is unclear. Caustic ingestion – Severe esophageal damage caused by ingestion of corrosive agents can cause sloughing of the mucosa and black discoloration of the esophageal wall. Such patients…
5. 局所の化学熱傷：初期評価およびマネージメントtopical chemical burns initial assessment and management [show details]
…signs and symptoms of some common chemical burns is provided Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a highly corrosive inorganic acid with numerous applications. It is widely used in glass etching, electronic industries …

English Journal

Facile Synthesis of Smart Nanocontainers as Key Components for Construction of Self-Healing Coating with Superhydrophobic Surfaces.

Liang Y1, Wang M2, Wang C2, Feng J2, Li J1, Wang L1, Fu J3,4.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2016 Dec;11(1):231. doi: 10.1186/s11671-016-1444-3. Epub 2016 Apr 28.
SiO2-imidazoline nanocomposites (SiO2-IMI) owning high loading capacity of corrosion inhibitor, 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (HMID), and a special acid/alkali dual-stimuli-accelerated release property have been synthesized via a one-step modified Stöber method. SiO2-IMI were uniformly di
PMID 27121439

Formation of Surface Corrosion-Resistant Nanocrystalline Structures on Steel.

Nykyforchyn H1, Kyryliv V2, Maksymiv O3, Slobodyan Z4, Tsyrulnyk O5.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2016 Dec;11(1):51. doi: 10.1186/s11671-016-1266-3. Epub 2016 Feb 1.
Engineering materials with nanocrystalline structure could be exploited under simultaneous action of mechanical loading and corrosion environments; therefore, their corrosion resistance is important. Surface nanocrystalline structure was generated on middle carbon steels by severe plastic deformatio
PMID 26831689

Tribological behavior of a Ni-free Zr-based bulk metallic glass with potential for biomedical applications.

Hua N1, Chen W1, Wang W2, Lu H2, Ye X2, Li G2, Lin C2, Huang X2.
Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2016 Sep 1;66:268-77. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.078. Epub 2016 Apr 26.
In this study, the tribological behavior of a Ni-free Zr53Al16Co23·25Ag7.75 bulk metallic glass (BMG) was investigated in dry-sliding and simulated physiological media using ball-on-disk reciprocating friction. The effects of sliding load, speed, media and counterpart materials on the wear resistan
PMID 27207063

Mechanistic modeling of biocorrosion caused by biofilms of sulfate reducing bacteria and acid producing bacteria.

Xu D1, Li Y2, Gu T3.
Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands).Bioelectrochemistry.2016 Aug;110:52-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.03.003. Epub 2016 Mar 24.
Biocorrosion is also known as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Most anaerobic MIC cases can be classified into two major types. Type I MIC involves non-oxygen oxidants such as sulfate and nitrate that require biocatalysis for their reduction in the cytoplasm of microbes such as sulfate
PMID 27071053

Japanese Journal

屋内大気環境での銀の腐食速度式の提案

南谷林太郎
材料と環境 = Corrosion engineering of Japan 64(1), 14-19, 2015-01
NAID 40020325164

沖縄における構造用材料の大気腐食と腐食環境評価 (特集腐食,防食の表面科学 : インフラの長寿命化に貢献する表面科学)

押川渡,中野敦
表面科学 = Journal of the Surface Science Society of Japan 36(1), 35-40, 2015-01
NAID 40020321315

重防食塗装に関する近年の動向と将来展望 (特集 2015年塗料・塗装技術展開予測)

宮下剛
塗装技術 54(1), 72-79, 2015-01
NAID 40020317821

酸性Fe(Ⅱ)水溶液の空気酸化による人工鉄さび粒子の構造および形態に対するアニオンの影響

田中秀和,畑中渚,六車美耶 [他]
粉体工学会誌 52(1), 4-9, 2015
NAID 40020321654

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リンク元	「caustic」「腐食剤」「腐蝕性」「腐食性」「caustics」
拡張検索	「corrosive sublimate」「anticorrosive」
関連記事	「corrosives」