対比効果

WordNet

act so as to bring into existence; "effect a change"
a symptom caused by an illness or a drug; "the effects of sleep loss"; "the effect of the anesthetic"
(of a law) having legal validity; "the law is still in effect" (同)force
the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work (同)essence, burden, core, gist
an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived); "he just did it for effect"
produce; "The scientists set up a shock wave" (同)effectuate, set_up
put in opposition to show or emphasize differences; "The middle school teacher contrasted her best students work with that of her weakest student"
the opposition or dissimilarity of things that are compared; "in contrast to", "by contrast" (同)direct contrast
the act of distinguishing by comparing differences
the range of optical density and tone on a photographic negative or print (or the extent to which adjacent areas on a television screen differ in brightness)
the perceptual effect of the juxtaposition of very different colors
to show differences when compared; be different; "the students contrast considerably in their artistic abilities" (同)counterpoint
property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business; "she left some of her personal effects in the house"; "I watched over their effects until they returned" (同)personal_effects
strikingly different; tending to contrast; "contrasting (or contrastive) colors" (同)contrastive

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉『結果』 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…への)『効果』,効きめ,影響《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(色・音・形などの)印象,感銘 / 《複数形で》品物;身の回り品;動産,財産 / (結果として)…‘を'『もたらす』;〈目的など〉‘を'果たす,遂行する
(違いを示すために)(二つのもの)'を'『対照させる』,対比する;(…と)…'を'対照させる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (…と)『対照する』,対照的に引き立つ《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…との)『対照』,対比《+『with』(『to』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…間の)対照的な差,(特に色・明るさの)対照,コントラスト《+『between』+『名』+『and』+『名』》,(…との)著しい相違《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…と)対照的な人(物)《+『to』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/15 05:43:52」(JST)

wiki en

A contrast effect is the enhancement or diminishment, relative to normal, of perception, cognition or related performance as a result of successive (immediately previous) or simultaneous exposure to a stimulus of lesser or greater value in the same dimension. (Here, normal perception, cognition or performance is that which would be obtained in the absence of the comparison stimulus—i.e., one based on all previous experience.)

Perception example: A neutral gray target will appear lighter or darker than it does in isolation when immediately preceded by, or simultaneously compared to, respectively, a dark gray or light gray target. Cognition example: A person will appear more or less attractive than that person does in isolation when immediately preceded by, or simultaneously compared to, respectively, a less or more attractive person. Performance example: A laboratory rat will work faster, or slower, during a stimulus predicting a given amount of reward when that stimulus and reward are immediately preceded by, or alternated with, respectively, different stimuli associated with either a lesser or greater amount of reward.

Types

Simultaneous contrast

Simultaneous contrast identified by Michel Eugène Chevreul refers to the manner in which the colors of two different objects affect each other. The effect is more noticeable when shared between objects of complementary color.^[1]

In the image here, the two inner rectangles are exactly the same shade of grey, but the upper one appears to be a lighter grey than the lower one due to the background provided by the outer rectangles.

This is a different concept from contrast, which by itself refers to one object's difference in color and luminance compared to its surroundings or background.

Successive contrast

Successive contrast occurs when the perception of currently viewed stimuli is modulated by previously viewed stimuli.

For example, when one stares at the dot in the center of one of the two colored disks on the top row for a few seconds and then looks at the dot in the center of the disk on the same side in the bottom row, the two lower disks, though identically colored, appear to have different colors for a few moments.

One type of contrast that involves both time and space is metacontrast and paracontrast. When one half of a circle is lit for 10 milliseconds, it is at its maximum intensity. If the other half is displayed at the same time (but 20-50 ms later), there is a mutual inhibition: the left side is darkened by the right half (metacontrast), and the center may be completely obliterated. At the same time, there is a slight darkening of the right side due to the first stimulus; this is paracontrast.^[2]

Metacontrast and paracontrast

Domains

The contrast effect was noted by the 17th century philosopher John Locke, who observed that lukewarm water can feel hot or cold, depending on whether the hand touching it was previously in hot or cold water.^[3] In the early 20th century, Wilhelm Wundt identified contrast as a fundamental principle of perception, and since then the effect has been confirmed in many different areas.^[3] Contrast effects can shape not only visual qualities like color and brightness, but other kinds of perception, including the perception of weight.^[4] One experiment found that thinking of the name "Hitler" led to subjects rating a person as more friendly.^[5] Whether a piece of music is perceived as good or bad can depend on whether the music heard before it was unpleasant or pleasant.^[6] For the effect to work, the objects being compared need to be similar to each other: a television reporter can seem to shrink when interviewing a tall basketball player, but not when standing next to a tall building.^[4]

References

^ Colour, Why the World Isn't Grey, Hazel Rossotti, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1985, pp 135-136. ISBN 0-691-02386-7
^ "eye, human."Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
^ ^a ^b Kushner, Laura H. (2008). Contrast in judgments of mental health. ProQuest. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-549-91314-6. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ ^a ^b Plous, Scott (1993). The psychology of judgment and decision making. McGraw-Hill. pp. 38–41. ISBN 978-0-07-050477-6. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ Moskowitz, Gordon B. (2005). Social cognition: understanding self and others. Guilford Press. p. 421. ISBN 978-1-59385-085-2. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ Popper, Arthur N. (30 November 2010). Music Perception. Springer. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-4419-6113-6. Retrieved 24 March 2011.

External links

WebExhibits - Simultaneous Contrast
Example of simultaneous contrast with simple gray objects
Interactive Classic Black and White example of simultaneous contrast

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Effect of iodinated contrast medium in diabetic rat kidneys as evaluated by blood-oxygenation-level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.

Li LP1, Lu J, Franklin T, Zhou Y, Solomon R, Prasad PV.
Investigative radiology.Invest Radiol.2015 Dec;50(6):392-6. doi: 10.1097/RLI.0000000000000141.
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess whether streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats develop iodinated contrast-induced acute kidney injury. The intrarenal R2* (=1/T2*) was evaluated continuously before, during, and after contrast administration. Renal injury was confirmed using
PMID 25668748

Vascular Response of Ruthenium Tetraamines in Aortic Ring from Normotensive Rats.

Conceição-Vertamatti AG1, Ramos LA1, Calandreli I2, Chiba AN2, Franco DW2, Tfouni E2, Grassi-Kassisse DM1.
Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia.Arq Bras Cardiol.2015 09/12/2014;104(3):185-194. Epub 2014 Dec 9.
BACKGROUND: Ruthenium (Ru) tetraamines are being increasingly used as nitric oxide (NO) carriers. In this context, pharmacological studies have become highly relevant to better understand the mechanism of action involved.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the vascular response of the tetraamines trans-[RuII(NH3
PMID 25494016

Effect of operational conditions on sonoluminescence and kinetics of H2O2 formation during the sonolysis of water in the presence of Ar/O2 gas mixture.

Pflieger R1, Chave T1, Vite G1, Jouve L1, Nikitenko SI2.
Ultrasonics sonochemistry.Ultrason Sonochem.2015 Sep;26:169-75. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.02.005. Epub 2015 Feb 14.
Ultrasonic frequency is a key parameter determining multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL) spectra of water saturated with Ar/O2 gas mixtures. At 20kHz, the MBSL is quenched by oxygen. By contrast, at high-frequency ultrasound the maximal MBSL intensity is observed in the presence of Ar/20%O2 gas mixtu
PMID 25703641

Japanese Journal

Motion influences the perception of background lightness

Ashida Hiroshi,Scott-Samuel Nicholas E.
i-Perception 5(1), 41-49, 2014-01-13
… These results demonstrate that lightness contrast can be modulated by the direction of motion of the inducing patterns. … The smooth gradient is essential, because the effect disappeared when the black-to-white gradient was replaced with the binary black and white pattern. …
NAID 120005367763

Is a Cutoff of 10% Appropriate for the Change-in-Estimate Criterion of Confounder Identification?

Lee Paul H.
Journal of Epidemiology, 2014
… A total of 10 000 simulations were run to obtain the percentage differences of the 4 fitted regression coefficients (with and without adjustment).<BR>Results: In linear regression, larger effect size, larger sample size, and lower standard deviation of the error term led to a lower cutoff point at a 5% significance level. … In contrast, larger effect size and a lower exposure–confounder correlation led to a lower cutoff point at 80% power. …
NAID 130003383382

Pharmacokinetic assessment of absorptive interaction of oral etoposide and morphine in rats

Miyazaki Makoto,Nishimura Chisako,Minamida Minori,Iwanaga Kazunori,Kakemi Masawo
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2014
… The pharmacokinetic effect of morphine on plasma etoposide concentration after the oral concomitant use of etoposide and morphine in rats was assessed using a population analysis approach. … In contrast, morphine and propantheline decreased the absorption rate constant and were associated with the suppression of enterokinesis. …
NAID 130003382125