関: contagious pustular dermatitis、ORF

WordNet

easily diffused or spread as from one person to another; "a contagious grin"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(病気が)接触伝染性の / 《補語にのみ用いて》(人が)伝染病の原因になる,伝染病を広げる / すぐ広がる,移りやすい

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/30 20:05:34」(JST)

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Orf is an exanthemous disease caused by a parapox virus and occurring primarily in sheep and goats. It is also known as contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, ecthyma contagiosum, thistle disease^[1] and scabby mouth. Orf virus is zoonotic - it can also infect humans.^[1]

Humans

Orf is a zoonotic disease, meaning humans can contract this disorder through direct contact with infected sheep and goats or with fomites carrying the orf virus. It causes a purulent-appearing papule locally and generally no systemic symptoms. Infected locations can include the finger, hand, arm, face and even the penis (either caused by infection from the hand during urination and/or bestiality). Consequently it is important to observe good personal hygiene and to wear gloves when treating infected animals.^[1] The papule may persist for 7 to 10 weeks and spontaneously resolves. It is an uncommon condition and may be difficult to diagnose. There have been no reported cases of human to human infection.

While orf is usually a benign self-limiting illness, it can be very progressive and even life-threatening in the immune-compromised host. One percent topical cidofovir has been successfully used in a few patients with progressive disease. Serious damage may be inflicted on the eye if it is infected by orf, even among healthy individuals. The virus can survive in the soil for at least six months.^[2]

Other animals

Primarily, orf is a disease of sheep and goats although it has been reported as a natural disease in the following: humans, steenbok and alpacas, chamois and thar, reindeer, musk ox, the dog, the cat, the mountain goat, bighorn sheep, dall sheep, and the red squirrel .^[2]

Sheep and goats

A sheep with orf infection on nose and lips

It has been recorded since the late 19th century and has been reported from most sheep-or goat-raising areas including those in Europe, the Middle East, the United States, Africa, Asia, Alaska, South America, Canada, New Zealand and Australia.^[2] Orf is spread by fomites and direct contact. In some environments infection is injected by scratches from thistles^[1] of both growing and felled plants. Symptoms include papules and pustules on the lips and muzzle, and less commonly in the mouth of young lambs and on the eyelids, feet, and teats of ewes. The lesions progress to thick crusts which may bleed. Orf in the mouths of lambs may prevent suckling and cause weight loss, and can infect the udder of the mother ewe, thus potentially leading to mastitis.^[1] Sheep are prone to reinfection.^[3] Occasionally the infection can be extensive and persistent if the animal does not produce an immune response.^[1]

A live virus vaccine (ATCvet code: QI04AD01) is made from scab material and usually given to ewes at the age of two months, but only to lambs when there is an outbreak.^[4] The vaccine can cause disease in humans.

In sheep and goats the lesions mostly appear on or near the hairline and elsewhere on the lips and muzzle. In some cases the lesions appear on and in the nostrils, around the eyes, on the thigh, coronet, vulva, udder and axilla. In rare cases, mostly involving young lambs, lesions are found on the tongue, gums, roof of the mouth and the oesophagus. It has also been reported a number of times to cause lesions in the rumen. In one case it was shown that a severe form of orf virus caused an outbreak involving the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, heart, as well as the buccal cavity, cheeks, tongue and lips. Another severe case was reported pharyngitis, genital lesions and infection of the hooves which led to lameness and, in some cases, sloughing of the hoof.^[2]

More typically sheep will become free of orf within a week or so as the disease runs its course. Sheep custodians can assist by ensuring infected lambs receive sufficient milk and separating out the infected stock to slow down cross-transmission to healthy animals. It is advisable for those handling infected animals to wear disposable gloves to prevent cross-infection and self-infection. A veterinarian needs to be contacted if there is a risk of misdiagnosis with other, more serious conditions.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Winter, Agnes; Charmley, Judith (1999). The Sheep Keeper's Veterinary Handbook. Crowood Press Ltd (Marlborough, UK). ISBN 1-86126-235-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Couch, Alan John; (1983). "The Development of, and Host Response to, Ovine Contagious Pustular Dermatitis". A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science of the University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W., in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
^ Fenner, Frank J.; Gibbs, E. Paul J.; Murphy, Frederick A.; Rott, Rudolph; Studdert, Michael J.; White, David O. (1993). Veterinary Virology (2nd ed.). Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 0-12-253056-X.
^ Carter, G.R.; Wise, D.J. (2006). "Poxviridae". A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology. Retrieved 2006-06-13.

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English Journal

Suppression of influenza virus infection by the orf virus isolated in Taiwan.

Lin FY1, Tseng YY, Chan KW, Kuo ST, Yang CH, Wang CY, Takasu M, Hsu WL, Wong ML.
The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science.J Vet Med Sci.2015 Apr 7. [Epub ahead of print]
Orf virus (ORFV), a member of parapoxvirus, is an enveloped virus with genome of double-stranded DNA. ORFV causes contagious pustular dermatitis or contagious ecthyma in sheep and goats worldwide. In general, detection of viral DNA and observing ORFV virion in tissues of afflicted animals are two me
PMID 25855509

Identification and molecular characterization of Orf virus in Argentina.

Peralta A1, Robles C, Martínez A, Alvarez L, Valera A, Calamante G, König GA.
Virus genes.Virus Genes.2015 Mar 22. [Epub ahead of print]
Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiological agent of contagious ecthyma (CE), a pustular dermatitis of sheep and goats. Outbreaks of ORFV have been observed in all geographical regions of the world, including Argentina. The origin and identity of Argentinian ORFVs are unknown, and no comparative or phylogen
PMID 25796398

Characterization of GM-CSF-inhibitory factor and Uracil DNA glycosylase encoding genes from camel pseudocowpoxvirus.

Nagarajan G1, Swami SK2, Dahiya SS2, Narnaware SD2, Mehta SC2, Singh PK2, Singh R2, Tuteja FC2, Patil NV2.
Research in veterinary science.Res Vet Sci.2015 Mar 11. pii: S0034-5288(15)00067-3. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.013. [Epub ahead of print]
The present study describes the PCR amplification of GM-CSF-inhibitory factor (GIF) and Uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) encoding genes of pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) from the Indian Dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) infected with contagious ecthyma using the primers based on the corresponding gene sequenc
PMID 25816930

Japanese Journal

Rapid detection of contagious ecthyma by loop-mediated isothermal amplification and epidemiology in Jilin Province China

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 78(1), 125-128, 2016
NAID 130005121599

Phylogenetic analysis of three orf virus strains isolated from different districts in Shandong Province, East China

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 77(12), 1639-1645, 2015
NAID 130005115317

Suppression of influenza virus infection by the orf virus isolated in Taiwan

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 77(9), 1055-1062, 2015
NAID 130005100716

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ORF」「伝染性膿瘡」
関連記事	「contagious」

「ORF」

Orf virus
Virus classification
Group:	Group I (dsDNA)
Family:	Poxviridae
Genus:	Parapoxvirus
Species:	Orf virus

Orf (disease)
	A thumb with two denuded orf lesions, following a bite by a sheep
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	B08.0 (ILDS B08.040)
ICD-9	051.2
DiseasesDB	9262
eMedicine	article/1133450
MeSH	D004474