WordNet

become tight or as if tight; "Her throat constricted" (同)constringe, narrow
make smaller; "The heat contracted the woollen garment"
be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness; "He got AIDS"; "She came down with pneumonia"; "She took a chill" (同)take, get
a variety of bridge in which the bidder receives points toward game only for the number of tricks he bid (同)contract_bridge
(contract bridge) the highest bid becomes the contract setting the number of tricks that the bidder must make (同)declaration
a binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law
enter into a contractual arrangement (同)undertake
become smaller or draw together; "The fabric shrank"; "The balloon shrank" (同)contract
reduce in size; reduce physically; "Hot water will shrink the sweater"; "Can you shrink this image?" (同)reduce
decrease in size, range, or extent; "His earnings shrank"; "My courage shrivelled when I saw the task before me" (同)shrivel
a narrowing that reduces the flow through a channel (同)bottleneck, chokepoint
the action or process of compressing
tight or narrow compression (同)coarctation
a tight feeling in some part of the body; "he felt a constriction in her chest"; "she felt an alarming tightness in her chest"; "emotion caused a constriction of his throat" (同)tightness
(geology) the erosion of soil as a consequence of sand and dust and loose rocks being removed by the wind; "a constant deflation of the desert landscape"
a contraction of economic activity resulting in a decline of prices
the act of letting the air out of something
any agent that causes a narrowing of an opening of a blood vessel: cold or stress or nicotine or epinephrine or norepinephrine or angiotensin or vasopressin or certain drugs; maintains or increases blood pressure (同)vasoconstrictive, pressor
especially tense; especially in some dialects
drawn together or squeezed physically or by extension psychologically; "a constricted blood vessel"; "a constricted view of life"
(of circumstances) tending to constrict freedom (同)constrictive, narrowing

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈物など〉'を'締めつける,圧縮する
(売買,請負などの)『契約』,約定(agreement),請負 / 契約書 / …'を'『引き締める』,縮める / 〈よくない事・いやな事〉'を'『身に負う』 / …'を'契約する』,請け負う,約束する / 〈語・音節・句など〉'を'縮約する(do notをdon't, I haveをI'veとするなど) / 『縮む』,縮まる / (…を…と)契約する,請け負う《+『with』+『名』+『for』+『名』(do『ing』)》
〈布などが〉『縮む』 / 『しりごみする』,ひるむ,避ける / (…に)〈数量・価値などが〉減る,減少する《+『to』+『名』》 / (…に)…‘を'縮める,減らす《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 後ずさり,しりごみ / 《米俗》精神科医,精神分析医
〈U〉締めつけること,圧縮・〈U〉(胸などが)締めつけられる感じ / 〈C〉締めつけるもの
空気(ガス)を抜くこと;収縮 / 通貨収縮,デフレーション,テレビ
締めつける,圧縮する

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/04 23:42:58」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Constriction is a method used by various snake species to kill their prey. Although some species of venomous and mildly venomous snakes do use constriction to subdue their prey, most snakes which use constriction lack venom.^[1] The snake initially strikes at its prey and holds on, pulling the prey into its coils or, in the case of very large prey, pulling itself onto the prey. The snake will then wrap one or two coils around the prey. The snakes then monitor the prey's heartbeat to ascertain when it is dead.^[2]

A Rainbow Boa (Epicrates cenchria cenchria) constricting and swallowing a mouse

Contrary to myth, the snake does not crush the prey, or break its bones. Also, contrary to previous belief the snake does not cause suffocation by constricting the victim. Instead, a study of death caused by boa constrictors, showed that constriction "shuts off" blood flow (and therefore oxygen) needed by vital organs such as the heart and brain, which would lead to unconsciousness and death very quickly-in seconds - in other words, constriction can interrupt blood flow and overwhelm the prey's usual blood pressure and circulation.^[3] Artery pressure drops, vein pressure increases, and blood vessels begin to close. The heart does not have enough strength to pump against the pressure and blood flow stops. Internal organs with high metabolic rates, including the brain, liver, and the heart begin to stop and die due to ischemia, a loss of oxygen and glucose. There is evidence that boa constrictors have more difficulty killing ectotherms, animals like lizards and snakes that rely on external heat to regulate their body temperatures. A boa constrictor was observed attacking a spinytail iguana for an hour, and the iguana survived.^[4]^[5]

As this is comparatively recent research (2015), it is possible that other constrictors kill in other ways. It had previously been accepted that constrictors used their body to hold the prey tight and prevent the prey from drawing air into its lungs, resulting in death from asphyxia,^[6] or that the pressure of constriction causes a rise in the pressure in the prey's body cavity greater than the heart can counter, resulting in immediate cardiac arrest;^[7] data from earlier studies had also indicated that snakes can exert enough pressure for these to be plausible.^[8]

Certain groups of snakes have characteristic patterns of constriction, including the number of coils they use and the orientation of the coils.^[9]

Venomous snakes that also use constriction include the mussuranas (ophiophagous South American mildly venomous rear-fanged colubrids which uses constriction to subdue snakes including pit vipers), the western terrestrial garter snake (North American colubrid which is an inefficient constrictor and, like most Thamnophis garter snakes, mildly venomous),^[10]^[11] some species of Boiga snakes (Asian and Australian rear-fanged colubrids) including the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis),^[10]^[12]^[13] and some species of Australian elapids, including some of the venomous Pseudonaja brown snakes and one Australian coral snake Simoselaps, and a few Australian colubrids.^[14]

A snake is believed to stop constricting when the snake detects the victim's heart stops.^[15]^[16]

External links

Video Anaconda constriction killing a Capybara

References

^ Shine, R.; Schwaner, T. (1985). "Prey Constriction by Venomous Snakes: A Review, and New Data on Australian Species". Copeia 1985 (4): 1067–1071. doi:10.2307/1445266. JSTOR 1445266.
^ Powell, Devin (25 Feb 2012). "Boas take pulse as they snuff it out". Science News. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-33625080
^ Bittel, Jason; 22, National Geographic PUBLISHED July. "Why We Were Totally Wrong About How Boa Constrictors Kill". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2015-07-23.
^ Boback, Scott M.; McCann, Katelyn J.; Wood, Kevin A.; McNeal, Patrick M.; Blankenship, Emmett L.; Zwemer, Charles F. (2015-07-01). "Snake constriction rapidly induces circulatory arrest in rats". The Journal of Experimental Biology 218 (14): 2279–2288. doi:10.1242/jeb.121384. ISSN 0022-0949.
^ "ADW: Boa constrictor: INFORMATION". Retrieved 10 May 2014.
^ Hardy, David L. (1994). A re-evaluation of suffocation as the cause of death during constriction by snakes. Herpetological Review 229:45-47.
^ Moon, 2000. The mechanics and muscular control of constriction in gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) and a king snake (Lampropeltis getula). Journal of Zoology 252 : 83-98. http://www.ucs.ull.edu/~brm2286/Moon_2000_constriction.pdf
^ Willard, D. E. (1977). "Constricting Methods of Snakes". Copeia 1977 (2): 379–382. doi:10.2307/1443922. JSTOR 1443922.
^ ^a ^b Alan de Queiroz and Rebecca R. Groen. "The inconsistent and inefficient constricting behavior of Colorado Western Terrestrial Garter Snakes, Thamnophis elegans."Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 35, No. 3 (Sep., 2001), pp. 450-460.
^ Patrick T. Gregory, J. Malcolm Macartney, and Donald H. Rivard. "Small mammal predation and prey handling behavior by the wandering garter snake Thamnophis elegans." Herpetologica. 36 (1): 87-93
^ CHISZAR, D. A. 1990. The behavior of the brown tree snake: a study in applied comparative psychology. In D. A. Dewsbury (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Comparative Psychology, pp. 101-123. Sinauer Assoc, Inc., Sunderland, MA.
^ http://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/bioeco/btsnake.asp
^ Shine, R.; Schwaner, T. (1985). "Prey Constriction by Venomous Snakes: A Review, and New Data on Australian Species". Copeia 1985 (4): 1067–1071. JSTOR 1445266.
^ Yong, Ed. "Snakes know when to stop squeezing because they sense the heartbeats of their prey". Retrieved 2015-07-23.
^ Boback, Scott M.; Hall, Allison E.; McCann, Katelyn J.; Hayes, Amanda W.; Forrester, Jeffrey S.; Zwemer, Charles F. (2012-06-23). "Snake modulates constriction in response to prey's heartbeat". Biology Letters 8 (3): 473–476. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.1105. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 3367750. PMID 22258447.

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English Journal

Ecomorphology of eye shape and retinal topography in waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes: Anatidae) with different foraging modes.

Lisney TJ, Stecyk K, Kolominsky J, Schmidt BK, Corfield JR, Iwaniuk AN, Wylie DR.SourceDepartment of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, tomlisney@gmail.com.
Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology.J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol.2013 Mar 10. [Epub ahead of print]
Despite the large body of literature on ecomorphological adaptations to foraging in waterfowl, little attention has been paid to their sensory systems, especially vision. Here, we compare eye shape and retinal topography across 12 species representing 4 different foraging modes. Eye shape was signif
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Rescue of Impaired NK Cell Activity in Hodgkin Lymphoma With Bispecific Antibodies In Vitro and in Patients.

Reiners KS, Kessler J, Sauer M, Rothe A, Hansen HP, Reusch U, Hucke C, Köhl U, Dürkop H, Engert A, von Strandmann EP.SourceDepartment I of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Immunotherapy, University Clinic of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy.Mol Ther.2013 Mar 5. doi: 10.1038/mt.2013.14. [Epub ahead of print]
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PMID 23459515

The velic traverse: An independent oral articulator?

Gick B, Francis N, Klenin A, Mizrahi E, Tom D.SourceDepartment of Linguistics, University of British Columbia, 2613 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada gick@mail.ubc.ca, naomi.c.francis@gmail.com, anna.klenin@gmail.com, mizrahi@alumni.ubc.ca, deniset16@gmail.com.
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.J Acoust Soc Am.2013 Mar;133(3):EL208-13. doi: 10.1121/1.4792255.
Two speech functions have traditionally been ascribed to the velum: opening and closing the velopharyngeal port and providing a passive surface against which the tongue can produce oral constrictions. Contrary to this passive oral function, the present x-ray study finds that a substantial portion of
PMID 23464130

Development of a microfabricated device for low-voltage electropermeabilization of adherent cells.

Hakamada K, Shintaku H, Nagata T, Fujimoto H, Kawano S, Miyake J.SourceDepartment of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.J Biosci Bioeng.2013 Mar;115(3):314-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.10.005. Epub 2012 Nov 15.
A microfabricated device for low-voltage electropermeabilization of adherent cells has been developed. The device, which is fabricated on a cover glass using mainly transparent materials, allows optical observation of cells through it. This device consists of an array of 6-μm circular electrodes co
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Japanese Journal

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中川雄太,郡慎平,田地川勉,桜井篤,板東潔,大場謙吉,中山泰秀,西正吾
年次大会講演論文集 : JSME annual meeting 2010(6), 163-164, 2010-09-04
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Central regulation of the pharyngeal and upper esophageal reflexes during swallowing in the Japanese eel

Mukuda Takao,Ando Masaaki,ムクダタカオ,アンドウマサアキ,椋田崇生,安藤正昭
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… We suggest that the neurons in cVSC inhibit the continuously firing motoneurons to relax the UES and stimulate the rhythmically firing neurons to constrict the pharynx simultaneously. …
NAID 120002036694

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有井士郎,片岡英幸,長谷川賢作,落合義孝,北野博也,水本洋
日本機械学會論文集. C編 75(759), 2965-2971, 2009-11-25
… During the closing phase of the glottis, the vocal folds constrict the airflow and the airflow velocity is at its highest. …
NAID 110007482765

Comparative Study of Calcium Ion Dynamics and Contractile Response in Rat Middle Cerebral and Basilar Arteries

HASHIMOTO Terumasa,OHATA Hisayuki,NOBE Koji,HONDA Kazuo
Journal of pharmacological sciences 109(4), 546-555, 2009-04-20
… and to constrict the MCA was less in comparison to the BA; …
NAID 10025735826

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「constrictive」「contract」「constriction」「stricture」「shrink」
拡張検索	「renal vasoconstriction」「aspirin-induced bronchoconstriction」「reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome」