出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/22 12:49:51」(JST)
Human height is the distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head in a human body standing erect.
When populations share genetic background and environmental factors, average height is frequently characteristic within the group. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from average) within such a population is sometimes due to gigantism or dwarfism, which are medical conditions caused by specific genes or endocrine abnormalities.[1]
In regions of extreme poverty or prolonged warfare, environmental factors like chronic malnutrition during childhood or adolescence may account for delayed growth and/or (in severe cases) marked reductions in adult stature even without the presence of any of these medical conditions.
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The study of height is known as auxology. Growth has long been recognized as a measure of the health of individuals, hence part of the reasoning for the use of growth charts. For individuals, as indicators of health problems, growth trends are tracked for significant deviations and growth is also monitored for significant deficiency from genetic expectations. Genetics is a major factor in determining the height of individuals, though it is far less influential in regard to populations. Average height is increasingly used as a measure of the health and wellness (standard of living and quality of life) of populations.[citation needed] Attributed as a significant reason for the trend of increasing height in parts of Europe are the egalitarian populations where proper medical care and adequate nutrition are relatively equally distributed. Changes in diet (nutrition) and a general rise in quality of health care and standard of living are the cited factors in the Asian populations. Average height in the United States has remained essentially stagnant since the 1950s even as the racial and ethnic background of residents has shifted. Malnutrition including chronic undernutrition and acute malnutrition is known to have caused stunted growth in various populations (WHO, 2012: Public Health Nutrition 2012;15:142-8.). This has been seen in North Korean, portions of African, certain historical European, and other populations. Countries such as Guatemala have rates of stunting as high as 82% in children under 5 (ENSMI 2008-2009).[citation needed]
Height measurements are by nature subject to statistical sampling errors even for a single individual. In a clinical situation, height measurements are seldom taken more often than once per office visit, which may mean sampling taking place a week to several months apart. The smooth 50th percentile male and female growth curves illustrated above are aggregate values from thousands of individuals sampled at ages from birth to age 20. In reality, a single individual's growth curve shows large upward and downward spikes. Partly due to actual differences in growth velocity, and partly due to small measurement errors. For example, a typical measurement error of plus or minus 0.5 cm may completely nullify 0.5 cm of actual growth resulting in either a "negative" 0.5 cm growth (due to overestimation in the previous visit combined with underestimation in the latter), up to a 1.5 cm growth (the first visit underestimating and the second visit overestimating) in the same elapsed time period between measurements. Note there is a discontinuity in the growth curves at age 2, which reflects the difference in recumbent length (with the child on his or her back), used in measuring infants and toddlers, and standing height typically measured from age 2 onwards.
Height, like other phenotypic traits, is determined by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. A child's height based on parental heights is subject to regression toward the mean, therefore extremely tall or short parents will likely have correspondingly taller or shorter offspring, but their offspring will also likely be closer to average height than the parents themselves. Genetic potential and a number of hormones, minus illness, is a basic determinant for height. Diet only influences growth in malnourished children who experience delayed development and short stature. There is no evidence that enriching a diet with (or avoiding) a particular food will alter the height one is otherwise destined to reach.[2] Humans grow fastest (other than in the womb) as infants and toddlers, rapidly declining from a maximum at birth to roughly age 2, tapering to a slowly declining rate, and then during the pubertal growth spurt, a rapid rise to a second maximum (at around 11–12 years for female, and 13–14 years for male), followed by a steady decline to zero. On average, female growth speed trails off to zero at about 15 or 16 years, whereas the male curve continues for approximately 3 more years, going to zero at about 18–20. These are also critical periods where stressors such as malnutrition (or even severe child neglect) have the greatest effect.
Moreover, the health of a mother throughout her life, especially during her critical periods, and of course during pregnancy, has a role. A healthier child and adult develops a body that is better able to provide optimal prenatal conditions. The pregnant mother's health is important as gestation is itself a critical period for an embryo/fetus, though some problems affecting height during this period are resolved by catch-up growth assuming childhood conditions are good. Thus, there is a cumulative generation effect such that nutrition and health over generations influences the height of descendants to varying degrees.
The age of the mother also has some influence on her child's height. Studies in modern times have observed a gradual increase in height with maternal age, though these early studies suggest that trend is due to various socio-economic situations that select certain demographics as being more likely to have a first birth early in the mother's life.[3][4][5] These same studies show that children born to a young mother are more likely to have below-average educational and behavioural development, again suggesting an ultimate cause of resources and family status rather than a purely biological explanation.[4][5]
The precise relationship between genetics and environment is complex and uncertain. Human height is 60%–80% heritable, according to several twin studies[6] and has been considered polygenic since the Mendelian-biometrician debate a hundred years ago.[citation needed] The only gene known to have an influence on human height is HMGA2. People who carry two copies of the "tall" allele of the HMGA2 gene are up to 1 cm taller than those who carry two copies of the "short" allele.[7] A genome-wide association (GWA) study of more than 180,000 individuals has identified hundreds of genetic variants in at least 180 loci associated with adult human height.[8]
The Nilotic peoples of Sudan such as the Shilluk and Dinka have been described as some of the tallest in the world. Dinka Ruweng males investigated by Roberts in 1953–54 were on average 1.813 m tall, and Shilluk males reached even 1.826 m.[9] The Nilotic people are characterized as having long legs, narrow bodies and short trunks, an adaptation to hot weather.[10] However, male Dinka and Shilluk refugees measured in 1995 in Southwestern Ethiopia were on average only 1.764 m and 1.726 m tall, respectively.[11]
The Polynesian peoples of Samoa and Tonga have been described since European contact as being tall and muscular. Samoan males investigated by University of Hawaii–54 averaged 1.778 m tall, and Tongan males reached even 1.8034 m.[citation needed] The Samoan and Tongan people are characterized as having large, muscular physiques, an adaptation to long ocean voyages.[10]
Growth in stature, determined by its various factors, results from the lengthening of bones via cellular divisions chiefly regulated by somatotropin (human growth hormone (hGH)) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Somatotropin also stimulates the release of another growth inducing hormone Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mainly by the liver. Both hormones operate on most tissues of the body, have many other functions, and continue to be secreted throughout life; with peak levels coinciding with peak growth velocity, and gradually subsiding with age after adolescence. The bulk of secretion occurs in bursts (especially for adolescents) with the largest during sleep.
The majority of linear growth occurs as growth of cartilage at the epiphysis (ends) of the long bones which gradually ossify to form hard bone. The legs compose approximately half of adult human height, and leg length is a somewhat sexually dimorphic trait. Some of this growth occurs after the growth spurt of the long bones has ceased or slowed. The majority of growth during growth spurts is of the long bones. Additionally, the variation in height between populations and across time is largely due to changes in leg length. The remainder of height consists of the cranium. Height is sexually dimorphic and statistically it is more or less normally distributed, but with heavy tails.
Most intra-population variance of height is genetic. Short stature and tall stature are usually not a health concern. If the degree of deviation from normal is significant, hereditary short stature is known as familial short stature and tall stature is known as familial tall stature. Confirmation that exceptional height is normal for a respective person can be ascertained from comparing stature of family members and analyzing growth trends for abrupt changes, among others. There are, however, various diseases and disorders that cause growth abnormalities. Most notably, extreme height may be pathological, such as gigantism resulting from childhood hyperpituitarism, and dwarfism which has various causes. Rarely, no cause can be found for extreme height; very short persons may be termed as having idiopathic short stature. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003 approved hGH treatment for those 2.25 standard deviations below the population mean (approximately the lowest 1.2% of the population). An even rarer occurrence, or at least less used term and recognized "problem", is idiopathic tall stature.
If not enough growth hormone is produced and/or secreted by the pituitary gland, then a patient with growth hormone deficiency can undergo treatment. This treatment involves the injection of pure growth hormone into thick tissue to promote growth.
Certain studies have shown that height is a factor in overall health while some suggest tallness is associated with better cardiovascular health and shortness with longevity.[12] Cancer risk has also been found to grow with height.[13]
At the extreme end, being excessively tall can cause various medical problems, including cardiovascular problems, because of the increased load on the heart to supply the body with blood, and problems resulting from the increased time it takes the brain to communicate with the extremities. For example, Robert Wadlow, the tallest man known to verifiable history, developed trouble walking as his height increased throughout his life. In many of the pictures of the later portion of his life, Wadlow can be seen gripping something for support. Late in his life, he had to wear braces on his legs and to walk with a cane; and he died after developing an infection in his legs because he was unable to feel the irritation and cutting caused by his leg braces. Excessive tallness and excessive shortness each can cause social exclusion and discrimination for both men and women (heightism).
Sources are in disagreement about the overall relationship between height and longevity. On the other hand, Samaras and Elrick, in the Western Journal of Medicine, demonstrate an inverse correlation between height and longevity in several mammals including humans.[12]
Women whose height is under 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) may have a small pelvis, resulting in such complications during childbirth as shoulder dystocia.[14]
A study done in Sweden has shown that there is a strong inverse correlation between height and suicide among Swedish men.[15]
There is a large body of research in psychology, economics, and human biology that has assessed the relationship between several seemingly innocuous physical features (e.g., body height) and occupational success.[16] The correlation between height and success was explored decades ago.[17][18] Shorter people are considered to have an advantage in certain sports (e.g., gymnastics, race car driving, etc.). Meanwhile, in many sports taller people have a major advantage. They include certain professional sports (see section "Sports"), fashion modelling, etc. In most occupational fields, body height is not relevant to how well people are able to perform. A correlation has been found between body height and occupational success in several studies, although there may be other factors such as gender or socioeonomic status that may have been influencing the subjects' heights as well as their occupational success.[16][17][19][20] In the acting profession:[16] To become an actress, tallness is considered an advantage (the average actress is taller than the average woman[citation needed]).
A demonstration of the height-success association can be found in the realm of politics. In the United States presidential elections, the taller candidate won 22 out of 25 times in the 20th century.[21] Nevertheless, Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, was 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and several world leaders of the early twentieth century, Vladimir Lenin, Benito Mussolini, and Joseph Stalin were of shorter stature.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Europeans in North America were far taller than those in Europe and were the tallest in the world.[22] The original indigenous population of Plains Native Americans was also among the tallest populations of the world at the time.[23] Several nations, including many nations in Europe, have now surpassed the US, particularly the Netherlands, and the Scandinavian nations. Now, the average height of White Americans is about the same as for the Europeans they are descended from.
In the late nineteenth century, the Netherlands was a land renowned for its short population, but today its population is among the world's tallest with young men averaging 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) tall. The tallest nation in the Europe is Montenegro, with young men averaging 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in), and young women averaging 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in).[24]
In the South Pacific the height of the Samoan and Tongan populations have long been known for their great size and stature. Early descriptions from European explorers of these Polynesians, speak of their great size and physiques. In 2009 a survey by the University of Hawaii found that both islands had males averaging 1.8034 m (5 ft 11 in) tall, while immigrants descending from both nations equalled that of Dinarians and Dutch at 1.857 m (6 ft 1 in) tall.[citation needed] The reasons for this is believed that the Polynesians of Samoa and Tonga are truly genetically the largest people in the world. This is based on the fact that, though the environmental and dietary factors contribute to Dinarian and Dutch heights, this is not the case for the height of peoples of Samoan and Tongan heritage. This makes them one of the tallest peoples in the world and history, as the 9000 year old skeleton of the Kennewick man (also of Polynesian origin) was 1.778 m (5 ft 10 in) in height. The suspected reason for their great stature is due to a long practices of eugenics by selecting tall strong warriors as mates. Sālote Mafile‘o Pilolevu Tupou III the late former queen of Tonga was 1.905 m (6 ft 3 in) and Tui Manuʻa Elisala the king of the Samoan island of Manu'a was recorded as being 1.9812 m (6 ft 6 in) in height. Valerie Adams (formerly known as Valerie Vili); a reigning shot putter in women's Olympic champion and three-time World champion, two-time Commonwealth and World Indoor champion is 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) in height.
Average male height in impoverished Vietnam and North Korea[25] remains comparatively small at 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) and 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in), respectively. Currently, young adult North Korean males are actually significantly shorter. This contrasts greatly with the extreme growth occurring in surrounding Asian populations with correlated increasing standards of living. Young South Koreans are about 12 cm (4.7 in) taller than their North Korean counterparts, on average. There is also an extreme difference between older North Koreans and young North Koreans who grew up during the famines of the 1990s–2000s. North Korean and South Korean adults older than 40, who were raised when the North and South's economies were about equal, are generally of the same average height.
In the early 1970s, when anthropologist Barry Bogin first visited Guatemala, he observed that Mayan Indian men averaged only 1.575 m (5 ft 2 in) in height and the women averaged 1.422 m (4 ft 8 in). Bogin took another series of measurements after the Guatemalan Civil War had erupted, during which up to a million Guatemalans had fled to the United States. He discovered that Mayan refugees, who ranged from six to twelve years old, were significantly taller than their Guatemalan counterparts. By 2000, the American Maya were 10.24 cm (4.03 in) taller than the Guatemalan Maya of the same age, largely due to better nutrition and access to health care. Bogin also noted that American Maya children had a significantly lower sitting height ratio, (i.e., relatively longer legs, averaging 7.02 cm (2.76 in) longer) than the Guatemalan Maya.[26][27]
The average height for each sex within a population varies significantly, with men being (on average) taller than women. Women ordinarily reach their greatest height at a younger age than men, because puberty generally occurs earlier in women than in men. Vertical growth stops when the long bones stop lengthening, which occurs with the closure of epiphyseal plates. These plates are bone growth centers that disappear ("close") under the hormonal surges brought about by the completion of puberty. Adult height for one sex in a particular ethnic group follows more or less a normal distribution.
Adult height between populations often differs significantly. For example, the average height of women from the Czech Republic is greater than that of men from Malawi. This may be caused by genetic differences, childhood lifestyle differences (nutrition, sleep patterns, physical labor), or both.
The tallest living man is Sultan Kösen of Turkey, at 2.51 m (8 ft 3 in). The tallest man in modern history was Robert Pershing Wadlow (1918–1940), from Illinois, in the United States, who was 2.72 m (8 ft 11 in) at the time of his death. Yao Defen of China is the tallest living woman in the world at 2.33 m (7 ft 7 1⁄2 in). The tallest female in medical history was Zeng Jinlian of Hunan, China, who stood 2.48 m (8 ft 1 1⁄2 in) when she died at the age of 17. The shortest adult human on record is Chandra Bahadur Dangi of Nepal at 0.546 m (1 ft 9 1⁄2 in).
Depending on sex, genetic and environmental factors, shrinkage of stature may begin in middle age in some individuals but tends to be universal in the extremely aged. This decrease in height is due to such factors as decreased height of inter-vertebral discs because of desiccation, atrophy of soft tissues and postural changes secondary to degenerative disease.
Below are average adult heights by country/geographical region. The original studies and sources should be consulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured, surveyed, or considered.
As with any statistical data, the accuracy of this data may be questionable for various reasons:
Note: Data in green are representative of the majority of the country or region's adult population.[29]
| Country/Region | Average male height | Average female height | Stature ratio (male to female) |
Sample population / age range |
Share of pop. over 15 |
Methodology | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 1.7351.7348 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 1.6081.6076 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 17 (healthy) | N/A | Measured | 1998–2001 | [31] |
| Argentina | N/A | 1.596 m (5 ft 3 in) | N/A | 19-49 | N/A | Measured | 2004-2005 | [32] |
| Armenia | N/A | 1.581 m (5 ft 2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2005 | [33] |
| Australia | 1.784 m (5 ft 10 in) | 1.645 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | 18–24 | 13.7% | Measured | 1995 | [34] |
| Australia | 1.748 m (5 ft 9 in) | 1.634 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 18+ | 94.7% | Measured | 1995 | [34] |
| Austria | 1.792 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | 1.676 m (5 ft 6 in) | 1.07 | 21 | N/A | Self-reported | 2001 | [35] |
| Azerbaijan | 1.718 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 1.654 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.04 | 16+ | 97.0% | Measured | 2005 | [36] |
| Bahrain | 1.651 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.542 m (5 ft 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 19+ | 91.1% | Measured | 2002 | [37] |
| Bangladesh | N/A | 1.506 m (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2007 | [33] |
| Belgium | 1.786 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | 1.681 m (5 ft 6 in) | 1.06 | 21 | N/A | Self-reported | 2001 | [35] |
| Benin | N/A | 1.593 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2006 | [33] |
| Bolivia | N/A | 1.518 m (5 ft 0 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2003 | [33] |
| Bolivia | 1.600 m (5 ft 3 in) | 1.422 m (4 ft 8 in) | 1.13 | Aymara, 20–29 | N/A | Measured | 1970 | [38] |
| Brazil | 1.707 m (5 ft 7 in) | 1.588 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 18+ | 93.2% | Measured | 2008–2009 | [39] |
| Brazil | 1.731 m (5 ft 8 in) | 1.611 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 20–24 | 11.9% | Measured | 2008–2009 | [39] |
| Bulgaria | 1.752 m (5 ft 9 in) | 1.632 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | N/A | N/A | Measured | 2010 | [40] |
| Burkina Faso | N/A | 1.616 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2003 | [33] |
| Cambodia | N/A | 1.524 m (5 ft 0 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2005 | [33] |
| Cameroon | 1.706 m (5 ft 7 in) | 1.613 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.06 | Urban, 15+ | N/A | Measured | 2003 | [41] |
| Canada | 1.760 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 1.633 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 25–44 | 34.8% | Measured | 2005 | [42] |
| Canada | 1.751 m (5 ft 9 in) | 1.623 m (5 ft 4 in) | 1.08 | 18–79 | 90.0% | Measured | 2007–2009 | [43] |
| Central African Republic | N/A | 1.589 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 1994 | [33] |
| Chad | N/A | 1.626 m (5 ft 4 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2004 | [33] |
| Chile | 1.710 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 1.591 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 15–24 | 21.9% | Measured | 2009–2010 | [44] |
| Chile | 1.696 m (5 ft 7 in) | 1.561 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 15+ | 100.0% | Measured | 2009–2010 | [44] |
| Chile | 1.712 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 1.572 m (5 ft 2 in) | 1.09 | 25–44 | 37.3% | Measured | 2009–2010 | [44] |
| China, People's Republic of | 1.663 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.570 m (5 ft 2 in) | 1.06 | Rural, 17 | N/A | Measured | 2002 | [45] |
| China, People's Republic of | 1.702 m (5 ft 7 in) | 1.586 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | Urban, 17 | N/A | Measured | 2002 | [45] |
| Colombia | N/A | 1.550 m (5 ft 1 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2004 | [33] |
| Colombia | 1.706 m (5 ft 7 in) | 1.587 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 18–22 | N/A | Measured | 2002 | [46] |
| Comoros | N/A | 1.548 m (5 ft 1 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 1996 | [33] |
| Congo, Democratic Republic of the | N/A | 1.577 m (5 ft 2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2005 | [33] |
| Congo, Republic of the | N/A | 1.590 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2007 | [33] |
| Côte d’Ivoire | N/A | 1.598 m (5 ft 3 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 1998 | [33] |
| Côte d’Ivoire | 1.701 m (5 ft 7 in) | 1.591 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 25–29 | N/A | Measured | 1985–1987 | [47] |
| Croatia | 1.805 m (5 ft 11 in) | 1.663 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 18 | N/A | Measured | 2006–2008 | [48] |
| Cuba | 1.6801.68 m (5 ft 6 in) | 1.5601.56 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | Urban, 15+ | N/A | Measured | 1999 | [49] |
| Czech Republic | 1.8031.8031 m (5 ft 11 in) | 1.6721.6722 m (5 ft 6 in) | 1.08 | 17 | N/A | Measured | 2001 | [50] |
| Denmark | 1.826 m (6 ft 0 in) | 1.687 m (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 23 | N/A | Self-reported | 2001 | [35] |
| Dinaric Alps | 1.856 m (6 ft 1 in) | 1.711 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 17 | N/A | Measured | 2005 | [24] |
| Dominican Republic | N/A | 1.564 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 1996 | [33] |
| Egypt | N/A | 1.595 m (5 ft 3 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2008 | [33] |
| Egypt | 1.703 m (5 ft 7 in) | 1.589 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 20–24 | N/A | Measured | 2008 | [51] |
| Estonia | 1.791 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | N/A | N/A | 17 | N/A | Measured | 2003 | [52] |
| Ethiopia | N/A | 1.576 m (5 ft 2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 1997 | [33] |
| Finland | 1.770 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 1.630 m (5 ft 4 in) | 1.09 | 25–74 | 75.8% | Measured | 2007 | [53] |
| Finland | 1.790 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | 1.650 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | 25–34 | 14.7% | Measured | 2007 | [53] |
| France | 1.770 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 1.646 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | 20–29 | N/A | Measured | 2001 | [54] |
| France | 1.756 m (5 ft 9 in) | 1.625 m (5 ft 4 in) | 1.08 | 18–70 | 81.7% | Measured | 2003–2005 | [55] |
| Gabon | N/A | 1.584 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2000 | [33] |
| Gambia | 1.680 m (5 ft 6 in) | 1.578 m (5 ft 2 in) | 1.06 | Rural, 21–49 | N/A | Measured | 1950–1974 | [56] |
| Germany | 1.810 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 1.680 m (5 ft 6 in) | 1.08 | 18–25 | N/A | Self-reported | 2009 | [57] |
| Germany | 1.780 m (5 ft 10 in) | 1.650 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | 18+ | 96.5% | Self-reported | 2009 | [57] |
| Ghana | N/A | 1.593 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2008 | [33] |
| Ghana | 1.695 m (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) | 1.585 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 25–29 | N/A | Measured | 1987–1989 | [47] |
| Greece | 1.783 m (5 ft 10 in) | 1.666 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 21 | N/A | Self-reported | 2001 | [35] |
| Guatemala | N/A | 1.473 m (4 ft 10 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 1998 | [33] |
| Guinea | N/A | 1.588 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2005 | [33] |
| Haiti | N/A | 1.586 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2005 | [33] |
| Honduras | N/A | 1.520 m (5 ft 0 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2005 | [33] |
| Hong Kong | 1.717 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 1.587 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 18 | N/A | Measured | 2006 | [58] |
| Hungary | 1.773 m (5 ft 10 in) | N/A | N/A | 18 | N/A | Measured | 2008 | [59] |
| Hungary | 1.760 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 1.640 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | Adults | N/A | Measured | 2000s | [60] |
| India | 1.647 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.519 m (5 ft 0 in) | 1.08 | 20–49 | 63.7% | Measured | 2005–2006 | [61] |
| India | 1.663 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.526 m (5 ft 0 in) | 1.09 | 20 | 2.7% | Predicted | 2005–2006 | [62] |
| India | 1.612 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.521 m (5 ft 0 in) | 1.06 | Rural, 17+ | N/A | Measured | 2007 | [62] |
| Indonesia | 1.580 m (5 ft 2 in) | 1.470 m (4 ft 10 in) | 1.07 | 50+ | N/A | Self-reported | 1997 | [63] |
| Iran | 1.734 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 1.598 m (5 ft 3 in) | 1.09 | 21–25 | 16.0% | Measured | 2005 | [64] |
| Iran | 1.703 m (5 ft 7 in) | 1.572 m (5 ft 2 in) | 1.08 | 21+ | 78.5% | Measured | 2005 | [64] |
| Iraq – Baghdad | 1.654 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.558 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | 1.06 | 18–44 | N/A | Measured | 1999–2000 | [65] |
| Ireland | 1.775 m (5 ft 10 in) | 1.635 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 21 | N/A | Self-reported | 2001 | [35] |
| Israel | 1.770 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 1.660 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 18–21 | N/A | Measured | 2010 | [66] |
| Italy | 1.772 m (5 ft 10 in) | 1.678 m (5 ft 6 in) | 1.06 | 21 | N/A | Self-reported | 2001 | [35] |
| Italy | 1.760 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 1.650 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.07 | 18–40 | 37.0% | Measured | 2005 | [67] |
| Jamaica | 1.718 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 1.608 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 25–74 | 64.5% | Measured | 1994–1996 | [68] |
| Japan | 1.707 m (5 ft 7 in) | 1.580 m (5 ft 2 in) | 1.08 | 17 | N/A | Measured | 2011 | [69] |
| Jordan | N/A | 1.582 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2007 | [33] |
| Kazakhstan | N/A | 1.598 m (5 ft 3 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 1999 | [33] |
| Kenya | N/A | 1.594 m (5 ft 3 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2003 | [33] |
| Korea, NorthNorth Korea | 1.656 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.549 m (5 ft 1 in) | 1.07 | 20-39 (defectors) | N/A | Measured | 2005 | [70] |
| Korea, SouthSouth Korea | 1.7371.7374 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 1.6111.6111 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 12th grade (typically 17-18) | N/A | Measured | 2011 | [71] |
| Kyrgyzstan | N/A | 1.580 m (5 ft 2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 1997 | [33] |
| Lesotho | N/A | 1.576 m (5 ft 2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2004 | [33] |
| Liberia | N/A | 1.573 m (5 ft 2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2006 | [33] |
| Lithuania | 1.772 m (5 ft 10 in) | N/A | N/A | Conscripts, 19–25 | N/A | Measured | 2005[72] | [73] |
| Lithuania | 1.813 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 1.675 m (5 ft 6 in) | 1.08 | 18 | N/A | Measured | 2005 | [74] |
| Madagascar | N/A | 1.543 m (5 ft 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2003 | [33] |
| Malawi | 1.660 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.550 m (5 ft 1 in) | 1.07 | Urban, 16–60 | N/A | Measured | 2000 | [75] |
| Malaysia | 1.647 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.533 m (5 ft 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 20+ | 84.6% | Measured | 1996 | [76] |
| Mali – southern Mali | 1.713 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 1.604 m (5 ft 3 in) | 1.07 | Rural adults | N/A | Measured | 1992 | [77] |
| Malta | 1.752 m (5 ft 9 in) | 1.638 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 25–34 | 16.5% | Self-reported | 2003 | [78] |
| Malta | 1.699 m (5 ft 7 in) | 1.599 m (5 ft 3 in) | 1.06 | 18+ | 94.8% | Self-reported | 2003 | [78] |
| Mexico | 1.630 m (5 ft 4 in) | 1.510 m (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 50+ | N/A | Measured | 2001 | [79] |
| Mexico – Morelos | 1.670 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.550 m (5 ft 1 in) | 1.08 | 18-76 | N/A | Self-reported | 1998-1999 | [80] |
| Moldova | N/A | 1.612 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2005 | [33] |
| Mongolia | 1.684 m (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) | 1.577 m (5 ft 2 in) | 1.07 | 25–34 | N/A | Measured | 2006 | [81] |
| Morocco | N/A | 1.585 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2003 | [33] |
| Mozambique | N/A | 1.560 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2003 | [33] |
| Namibia | N/A | 1.607 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2006 | [33] |
| Nepal | N/A | 1.508 m (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2006 | [33] |
| Netherlands | 1.808 m (5 ft 11 in) | 1.675 m (5 ft 6 in) | 1.08 | 20+ | 92.6% | Self-reported | 2010 | [82][30][83] |
| Netherlands | 1.832 m (6 ft 0 in) | 1.699 m (5 ft 7 in) | 1.08 | 20–30 | N/A | Self-reported | 2010 | [82] |
| New Zealand | 1.770 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 1.650 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.07 | 19–45 | 51.7% | Estimates | 1993–2007 | [84] |
| New Zealand | 1.745 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 1.630 m (5 ft 4 in) | 1.07 | 45–65 | 28.6% | Estimates | 1993–2007 | [84] |
| Nicaragua | N/A | 1.537 m (5 ft 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2001 | [33] |
| Nigeria | 1.638 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.578 m (5 ft 2 in) | 1.04 | 18–74 | 86.7% | Measured | 1994–1996 | [68] |
| Norway | 1.824 m (6 ft 0 in) | 1.680 m (5 ft 6 in) | 1.09 | 20–25 | 9.0% | Measured | 2008-2009 | [85] |
| Norway | 1.816 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 1.682 m (5 ft 6 in) | 1.08 | 26–35 | 15.2% | Measured | 2008-2009 | [85] |
| Norway | 1.803 m (5 ft 11 in) | 1.670 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 20-85 | 88.8%[86] | Measured | 2008-2009 | [85][30][83] |
| Peru | 1.640 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.510 m (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 20+ | 85.4% | Measured | 2005 | [87] |
| Philippines | 1.634 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.517 m (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 20–39 | 49.5% | Measured | 2003 | [88] |
| Philippines | 1.619 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.502 m (4 ft 11 in) | 1.08 | 20+ | 83.1% | Measured | 2003 | [88] |
| Poland | 1.785 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | 1.651 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | 18 | N/A | Measured | 2010 | [89] |
| Portugal | 1.737 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 1.637 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.06 | 21 | N/A | Self-reported | 2001 | [35] |
| Rwanda | N/A | 1.577 m (5 ft 2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2005 | [33] |
| Senegal | N/A | 1.630 m (5 ft 4 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2005 | [33] |
| Singapore | 1.706 m (5 ft 7 in) | 1.600 m (5 ft 3 in) | 1.07 | 17–25 | N/A | N/A | 2003 | [90] |
| Slovakia | 1.794 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | 1.656 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | 18 | N/A | Measured | 2004 | [91] |
| Slovenia - Ljubljana | 1.803 m (5 ft 11 in) | 1.674 m (5 ft 6 in) | 1.08 | 19 | N/A | Measured | 2011 | [92] |
| South Africa | 1.690 m (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) | 1.590 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.06 | 25–34 | N/A | Measured | 1998 | [93] |
| Spain | 1.780 m (5 ft 10 in) | 1.662 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 21 | N/A | Self-reported | 2001 | [35] |
| Sri Lanka | 1.636 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.514 m (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 18+ | 93.6% | Measured | 2005–2006 | [94] |
| Swaziland | N/A | 1.591 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2006 | [33] |
| Sweden | 1.815 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 1.668 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 20–29 | N/A | Measured | 2008 | [95] |
| Sweden | 1.779 m (5 ft 10 in) | 1.646 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | 20–74 | 82.4% | Self-reported | 1987–1994 | [96] |
| Switzerland | 1.754 m (5 ft 9 in) | 1.640 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 20–74 | 84.8% | Self-reported | 1987–1994 | [96] |
| Switzerland | 1.781 m (5 ft 10 in) | N/A | N/A | Conscripts, 18–21 | N/A | Measured | 2005 | [97] |
| Switzerland | 1.782 m (5 ft 10 in) | N/A | N/A | Conscripts, 19 | N/A | Measured | 2009 | [98] |
| Tanzania | N/A | 1.566 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2004 | [33] |
| Thailand | 1.703 m (5 ft 7 in) | 1.5901.59 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 15-19, STOU students | N/A | Self-reported | 2005 | [99] |
| Togo | N/A | 1.590 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 1998 | [33] |
| Turkey | N/A | 1.564 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2003 | [33] |
| Turkey – Ankara | 1.761 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 1.620 m (5 ft 4 in) | 1.09 | 18–29 | N/A | Measured | 2004–2006 | [100] |
| Turkey – Ankara | 1.740 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 1.589 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.10 | 18–59 | N/A | Measured | 2004–2006 | [100] |
| Uganda | N/A | 1.592 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2006 | [33] |
| United Arab Emirates | 1.734 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 1.564 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | 1.11 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [101] |
| U.K. – England | 1.754 m (5 ft 9 in) | 1.619 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 16+ | N/A | Measured | 2010 | [102] |
| U.K. – England | 1.771 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 1.644 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 16-24 | N/A | Measured | 2010 | [102] |
| U.K. – England | 1.776 m (5 ft 10 in) | 1.637 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 25–34 | N/A | Measured | 2010 | [102] |
| U.K. – Scotland | 1.750 m (5 ft 9 in) | 1.613 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 16+ | N/A | Measured | 2008 | [103] |
| U.K. – Scotland | 1.782 m (5 ft 10 in) | 1.635 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 25–34 | N/A | Measured | 2008 | [103] |
| U.K. – Wales | 1.770 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 1.620 m (5 ft 4 in) | 1.09 | 16+ | N/A | Measured | 2009 | [104] |
| U.S. | 1.776 m (5 ft 10 in) | 1.632 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | All Americans, 20–29 | 17.4% | Measured | 2003–2006 | [105] |
| U.S. | 1.763 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 1.622 m (5 ft 4 in) | 1.09 | All Americans, 20+ | 91.0% | Measured | 2003–2006 | [105] |
| U.S. | 1.780 m (5 ft 10 in) | 1.632 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | Black Americans, 20–39 | N/A | Measured | 2003–2006 | [105] |
| U.S. | 1.706 m (5 ft 7 in) | 1.587 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | Mexican Americans, 20–39 | N/A | Measured | 2003–2006 | [105] |
| U.S. | 1.789 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | 1.648 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.09 | White Americans, 20–39 | N/A | Measured | 2003–2006 | [105] |
| Uruguay | 1.7001.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | 1.5801.58 m (5 ft 2 in) | 1.08 | Adults | N/A | Measured | 1990 | [106] |
| Uzbekistan | N/A | 1.599 m (5 ft 3 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 1996 | [33] |
| Vietnam | 1.621 m (5 ft 4 in) | 1.522 m (5 ft 0 in) | 1.07 | 25–29 | N/A | Measured | 1992–1993 | [47] |
| Vietnam | 1.657 m (5 ft 5 in) | 1.552 m (5 ft 1 in) | 1.07 | Students, 20–25 | N/A | Measured | 2006–2007 | [107] |
| Zambia | N/A | 1.585 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2007 | [33] |
| Zimbabwe | N/A | 1.603 m (5 ft 3 in) | N/A | 25-49 | N/A | Self-reported | 2005 | [33] |
According to the Taiwan health report in 2002, the average height for male is 174.3, and the average height for female is 159.77 (age 20-25)
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| リンク元 | 「低身長」 |
| 関連記事 | 「constitution」「short」「constitutional」 |