Communication disorder |
Classification and external resources |
ICD-9 |
315.3 |
MeSH |
D003147 |
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A communication disorder is a speech and language disorder which refers to problems in communication and in related areas such as oral motor function. The delays and disorders can range from simple sound substitution to the inability to understand or use their native language. [1]
Contents
- 1 General definition
- 2 DSM-IV’s Diagnostic Criteria
- 3 DSM-IV Communication Disorder Categories
- 4 Changes Being Considered for the DSM-V
- 5 Examples
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
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General definition
Disorders and tendencies included and excluded under the category of communication disorders may vary by source. For example the definitions offered by the American Speech-language-Hearing Association differ from that of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual 4th edition (DSM-IV).
Gleanson (2001) defines a communication disorder as a speech and language disorder which refers to problems in communication and in related areas such as oral motor function. The delays and disorders can range from simple sound substitution to the inability to understand or use their native language. [2]
In general communications disorders commonly refer to problems in speech (comprehension and/or expression) that significantly interfere with an individual’s achievement and/or quality of life. One may find it important to know the operational definition of the agency preforming an assessment or giving a diagnosis.
Persons who speak more than one language or are considered to have an accent in their location of residence do not have speech disorders if they are speaking in a manner consistent with their home environment or a blending of their home and foreign environment.[3]
DSM-IV’s Diagnostic Criteria
Communication disorders are usually first diagnosed in childhood or adolescence though they are not limited as childhood disorders and may persist into adulthood (DSM IV-TR, Rapoport DSM-IV Training Guide for Diagnosis of Childhood Disorders). They may also occur with other disorders (co-occurring disorders).
Diagnosis involves testing and evaluation during which it is determined if the scores/performance are “substantially below” developmental expectations and if they “significantly” interfere with academic achievement, social interactions and daily living. This assessment may also determine if the characteristic is deviant or delayed. Therefore, it may be possible for an individual to have communication challenges but not meet the criteria of being “substantially below” criteria of the DSM (DSM IV-TR).
It should also be noted that the DSM categories do not comprise a complete list of all communication disorders, for example, Auditory Processing Disorders (ASD) are not classified under the DSM or ICD-10.[4]
DSM-IV Communication Disorder Categories
- expressive language disorder -- Characterized by difficulty expressing oneself beyond simple sentences and a limited vocabulary. An individual understands language better than they are able to speak communicate it, they may have a lot to say but have difficulties organizing and retrieving the words to get an idea across beyond what is expected for his/her developmental stage.[5]
- mixed receptive-expressive language disorder -- problems comprehending the commands of others.
- stuttering--a speech disorder characterized by a break in fluency, where sounds, syllables or words may be repeated or prolonged.[6]
- Phonological Disorder—a speech sound disorder characterized by problems in making patterns of sound errors, i.e. “dat” for “that”.
- Communication Disorder NOS (Not Otherwise Specified)—the DSM-IV category in which disorders that do not meet the specific criteria for the disorder listed above may be classified. (DSM-IV-TR)
Changes Being Considered for the DSM-V
The DSM-V proposed categories for Communication Disorders completely rework the ones stated above. It appears that the framers are making the categories more general in a way to capture the various aspects of communications disorders in a way that emphasizes their childhood onset and differentiate these communications disorders from those associated with other disorders (i.e. Autism Spectrum Disorders)
The new categories are as follows. A complete view of the revisions and the rationale for each may be found at dsm5.org The following partial definitions are taken directly from this source.
- A 02-08 Communication Disorders
- A 02 Language Impairment – “diagnosed based on language abilities that are below age expectations in one or more language domains; LI is likely to persist into adolescence and adulthood, although the symptoms, domains, and modalities involved may shift with age” [7]
- .A 03 Late Language Emergence--a delay in language onset with no other diagnosed disabilities or developmental delays in other cognitive or motor domains.” [8]
- A 04 Specific Language Impairment-- language abilities are below age expectations but non-linguistic developmental abilities are within age expectations
- A 05 Social Communication Disorder-- an impairment of pragmatics and is diagnosed based on difficulty in the social uses of verbal and nonverbal communication in naturalistic contexts, which affects the development of social relationships and discourse comprehension and cannot be explained by low abilities in the domains of word structure and grammar or general cognitive ability.
- A 06 Speech Sound Disorder—Formally Phonological Disorder [9]
- A 07 Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder—formally stuttering [10]
- A 08 Voice Disorder—“A voice disorder is diagnosed based on abnormal production and/or absence of vocal quality, pitch, loudness, resonance, and/or duration, which usually persists over time and is inappropriate for an individual's age or sex”
Examples
Examples of disorders that may include or create challenges in language and communication and/or may co-occur with the above disorders:
- autism,Pervasive Development Disorder,and Asperger syndrome -- developmental disorders that affects the brain's normal development of social and communication skills. (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- aphasia -- loss of the ability to produce or comprehend language
- blindness--A link between communication skills and visual impairment with children who are blind is currently being investigated (James, D. M. and Stojanovik, V. (2007), Communication skills in blind children: a preliminary investigation. Child: Care, Health and Development, 33: 4–10.)
- deafness/frequent ear infections -- trouble with hearing during language acquisition may lead to spoken language problems. Children who suffer from frequent ear infections may temporarily develop problems pronouncing words correctly. It should also be noted that some of the above communication disorders can occur with people who use sign language. The inability to hear is not in itself a communication disorder.
- dysnomia - Deficit involving word retrieval
- learning disability - Both speaking and listening components of the definition
- dyscalculia -- a defect of the systems used in communicating numbers
- dyslexia -- a defect of the systems used in reading
- semantic pragmatic disorder - Challenges with the semantic and pragmatic aspects of language
- expressive language disorder -- affects speaking and understanding where there is no delay in non-verbal intelligence.
- mixed receptive-expressive language disorder -- affects speaking, understanding, reading and writing where there is no delay in non-verbal intelligence.
- speech disorders such as
- cluttering, a speech organization disorder
- stuttering
- lisp
- oesophageal voice
- speech sound disorder
- specific language impairment
- dysarthria
See also
- Glossary of medical terms related to communications disorders
- Voice disorders
References
- ^ The Development of Language;Jean Berko Gleason:2001,Allyn&Bacon
- ^ The Development of Language;Jean Berko Gleason:2001,Allyn&Bacon
- ^ "American Speech-Language-Hearing Association". Speech sound disorders. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/speechsounddisorders.htm.
- ^ ([cirrie.buffalo.edu/encyclopedia/en/article/249 International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation])
- ^ (http://www.childspeech.net/u_iv_h.html)
- ^ (U.S. National Library of Medicine, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002400/, DSM-IV-TR)
- ^ (http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=486#) ]
- ^ (http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=487)
- ^ (http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=91)
- ^ (http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=92#)
External links
- National Center for Voice and Speech
- American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
- Voice and Speech Disorder Online Community (VoiceMatters.net)
- List of communication disorder related links
- Speech and Language Disorder Facts and Resources
- Child Language Disorders
- Adult Language Disorders
- Telepractice Resource
Caregiver Resources
- Speech and Articulation Development Chart - Please remember that these are merely guidelines, children may master some sounds earlier or later without concern depending on their birth order, environment, biology, etc.
- Encouraging Speech Development in Children with Phonological Disorders
- Parent Resources for a child who stutters or may be stuttering
- When to contact a medical professional for expressive and or expressive-receptive language concerns
- List of disability resources by state
Developmental disorders: Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders (F80–F83, 315)
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General conditions |
Speech and language/
communication disorders
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Expressive language disorder · Aphasia/Dysphasia (Expressive aphasia, Receptive aphasia) · Landau–Kleffner syndrome · Lisp · Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
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Scholastic skills/
learning disorder
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Dyslexia (Alexia (acquired dyslexia), Developmental dyslexia) · Dysgraphia (Disorder of written expression) · Dyscalculia (Gerstmann syndrome)
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Motor function
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Developmental dyspraxia
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Other
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Auditory processing disorder · Scotopic sensitivity syndrome
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Related topics |
Dyslexia research · Management of dyslexia/Dyslexia interventions · Reading acquisition · Writing system · Spelling · Literacy · Irlen filters · Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic · Neuropsychology
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Lists |
Languages by Writing System · People with dyslexia · Dyslexia in fiction
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dsrd (o, p, m, p, a, d, s), sysi/epon, spvo
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proc(eval/thrp), drug(N5A/5B/5C/6A/6B/6D)
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Symptoms and signs: Speech and voice / Symptoms involving head and neck (R47–R49, 784)
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Aphasia/Dysphasia |
Expressive aphasia · Receptive aphasia · Conduction aphasia
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Other speech disturbances |
Dysarthria · Schizophasia · Aprosodia/Dysprosody
Thought disorder: Pressure of speech · Derailment · Clanging · Circumstantiality
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Symbolic dysfunctions |
Dyslexia/Alexia · Agnosia (Prosopagnosia, Astereognosis, Gerstmann syndrome) · Dyspraxia/Apraxia (Ideomotor apraxia) · Dyscalculia/Acalculia · Agraphia
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Voice disturbances |
Dysphonia/Aphonia
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Other |
Epistaxis · Headache · Post-nasal drip · Neck mass
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dsrd (o, p, m, p, a, d, s), sysi/epon, spvo
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proc(eval/thrp), drug(N5A/5B/5C/6A/6B/6D)
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noco/cofa(c)/cogi/tumr, sysi
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