WordNet

the status of a leader; "they challenged his leadership of the union"
the activity of leading; "his leadership inspired the team" (同)leading
the body of people who lead a group; "the national leadership adopted his plan" (同)leaders
the ability to lead; "he believed that leadership can be taught"
set up on the principle of collectivism or ownership and production by the workers involved usually under the supervision of a government; "collective farms"
members of a cooperative enterprise
forming a whole or aggregate

PrepTutorEJDIC

(特に社会主義諸国で)集団指導制
『指導者の地位』(任務) / 『指導』,指揮 / 『指導力』,統率力 / 《言合的に》指導者たち
集めた,収集された;畜積された,集積した / 総合した,合わせた;集団の,団体の,共同の / =collective noun / 集産主義組織(事業)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/17 05:06:12」(JST)

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Collective leadership is considered an ideal form of ruling a communist party, both within and outside a socialist state. Its main task is to distribute powers and functions from the individual to a single group. For instance, in China powers have been distributed from the office of General Secretary of the Communist Party and shared with the Politburo Standing Committee while still retaining one ruler. On the other hand, in Vietnam there is not one paramount leader, and power is shared by the party General Secretary, President and the Prime Minister along with collegial bodies such as the Politburo, Secretariat and the Central Committee.

Forms

China

Currently, the central authority of the Chinese government is concentrated in the Politburo Standing Committee, which is composed of 7-members of the Communist Party of China and headed by the General Secretary of the Central Committee.^[1]

Soviet Union

Collective leadership (Russian: коллективное руководство, kollektivnoye rukovodstvo) or Collectivity of leadership (Russian: коллективность руководства, kollektivnost rukovodstva), was considered an ideal form of governance in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Its main task was to distribute powers and functions among the Politburo, the Central Committee, and the Council of Ministers to hinder any attempts to create a one-man dominance over the Soviet political system by a Soviet leader, such as that seen under Joseph Stalin's rule. On the national level, the heart of the collective leadership was officially the Central Committee of the Communist Party, but in practice, was the Politburo. Collective leadership is characterised by limiting the powers of the General Secretary and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers as related to other offices by enhancing the powers of collective bodies, such as the Politburo.

Lenin was, according to Soviet literature, the perfect example of a leader ruling in favour of the collective. Stalin's rule was characterised by one-man dominance, which was a deep breach of collective leadership; this made his leadership highly controversial in the Soviet Union following his death in 1953. At the 20th Party Congress, Stalin's reign was criticised as the "personality cult". Nikita Khrushchev, Stalin's successor, supported the ideal of collective leadership but increasingly ruled in an autocratic fashion. In 1964, Khrushchev was ousted and replaced by Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and by Alexei Kosygin as Premier. Collective leadership was strengthened during the Brezhnev years and the later reigns of Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms helped spawn factionalism within the Soviet leadership, and members of Gorbachev's faction openly disagreed with him on key issues. The factions usually disagreed on how little or how much reform was needed to rejuvenate the Soviet system.

Notes

^ "New Politburo Standing Committee decided: Mingjing News". Want China Times. 18 October 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.

Bibliography

Baylis, Thomas A. (1989). Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-944-4.
Cocks, Paul; Daniels, Robert Vincent; Whittier Heer, Nancy (1976). The Dynamics of Soviet Politics. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-21881-9.
Christian, David (1997). Imperial and Soviet Russia: Power, Privilege, and the Challenge of Modernity. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-17352-4.
Taras, Roy (1989). Leadership Change in Communist States. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-04-445277-5.
Law, David A. (1975). Russian Civilization. Ardent Media. ISBN 978-0-8422-0529-0.

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English Journal

Leadership solves collective action problems in small-scale societies.

Glowacki L1, von Rueden C2.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.2015 Dec 5;370(1683). pii: 20150010. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0010.
Observation of leadership in small-scale societies offers unique insights into the evolution of human collective action and the origins of sociopolitical complexity. Using behavioural data from the Tsimane forager-horticulturalists of Bolivia and Nyangatom nomadic pastoralists of Ethiopia, we evalua
PMID 26503683

Solving the puzzle of collective action through inter-individual differences.

von Rueden C1, Gavrilets S2, Glowacki L3.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.2015 Dec 5;370(1683). pii: 20150002. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0002.
Models of collective action infrequently account for differences across individuals beyond a limited set of strategies, ignoring variation in endowment (e.g. physical condition, wealth, knowledge, personality, support), individual costs of effort, or expected gains from cooperation. However, behavio
PMID 26503677

Promoting Positive Future Expectations During Adolescence: The Role of Assets.

Stoddard SA1, Pierce J2.
American journal of community psychology.Am J Community Psychol.2015 Dec;56(3-4):332-41. doi: 10.1007/s10464-015-9754-7. Epub 2015 Sep 18.
Positive future expectations can facilitate optimal development and contribute to healthier outcomes for youth. Researchers suggest that internal resources and community-level factors may influence adolescent future expectations, yet little is known about the processes through which these benefits a
PMID 26385095

Japanese Journal

Practical Strategy as a Co-Creating Collective Narrative : A Perspective of Organizational Knowledge-Creating Theory

Nonaka Ikujiro,Hirose Ayano
Kindai management review 3, 9-24, 2015-04
NAID 40020475580

Negative Forces at Time-Space Intersections in Northeast Asia

Lincoln PingPing Zhu
NUCB journal of economics and information science 59(2), 203-215, 2015-03-01
… Why is there neither a single nor a collective leadership consisting of Northeast Asian countries? …
NAID 110009916145

「例外状態」の政治的構成とその経路依存性--「政治改革」および「政治主導」の帰結

新田和宏
近畿大学生物理工学部紀要 34, 47-69, 2014-09
… in the one side, the birth of the Democratic Party government by the change of government and "political leadership" failed, in the other side, the right to collective self-defense use acceptance by "political leadership" of the second ABE government of Liberal Democratic Party which accomplished the government re-change from the Democratic Party. …
NAID 120005479997

「collective」

　　[★]

adj.

集団性の、集団の、集団的な

関: cluster、collectively、group、mass、population

「leadership」

　　[★]

リーダーシップ

関: influential

[1] "New Politburo Standing Committee decided: Mingjing News". Want China Times. 18 October 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.

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案内

collective leadership