adj.

クロストリジウムの

関: clostridia、Clostridium

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/18 10:37:59」(JST)

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The Clostridia are a highly polyphyletic class of Firmicutes, including Clostridium and other similar genera. They are distinguished from the Bacilli by lacking aerobic respiration. They are obligate anaerobes and oxygen is toxic to them. Species of the genus Clostridium are all Gram-positive and have the ability to form spores. Studies show they are not a monophyletic group, and their relationships are not entirely certain. Currently most are placed in a single order called Clostridiales, but this is not a natural group and is likely to be redefined in the future.

Most species of the genus Clostridium are saprophytic organisms found in many places in the environment, most notably the soil. However, the genus does contain some human pathogens (outlined below). The toxins produced by certain members of the Clostridium genus are among the most dangerous known. Examples are tetanus toxin (known as tetanospasmin) produced by C. tetani and botulinum toxin produced by C. botulinum.

Notable species of this class include:

Clostridium perfringens (Gangrene, Food poisoning)
Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)
Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)
Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Clostridium haemolyticum
Clostridium novyi
Clostridium oedematiens

Heliobacteria are also members of the class Clostridia.

Some of the enzymes produced by this group are used in bioremediation.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) ^[1] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)^[2] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species Living Tree Project ^[3]

Clostridia s.s.

Peptococcaceae 2

Peptococcaceae 1

	Heliobacteriaceae

	Peptococcaceae 3

Thermincola

Negativicutes

	Acidaminococcaceae

	Veillonellaceae

Peptococcaceae 4

	Dethiobacter alkaliphilus

	Natranaerobiaceae

Anaerobranca {Clostridiales Family XIV. Incertae Sedis}

Eubacteriaceae

Garciella nitratireducens

Clostridiaceae 3

Clostridiales Family XI. Incertae Sedis [incl. Anaerosphaera aminiphila]

	Eubacterium angustum

	Proteiniborus ethanoligenes

Clostridiaceae 4 [incl. various Clostridium ssp.]

	Clostridiales Family XII. Incertae Sedis

	Clostridiales Family XIII. Incertae Sedis [incl. various Eubacterium spp.]

	Clostridiaceae 2 [incl. various Clostridium ssp.]

	Peptostreptococcaceae [incl. Clostridiales Family XIX. Incertae Sedis and various Clostridium & Eubacterium spp.]

Clostridiales s.s.

	Thermoanaerobacterales Unnamed clade III [incl. Caldicoprobacter]

	Clostridiaceae 1 [incl. various Eubacterium spp.]

	Gracilibacter thermotolerans

	Lutispora thermophila

	Ruminococcaceae [incl. Bacteroides cellulosolvens, Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum, Gemmiger formicilis, Oscillibacter valericigenes, Saccharofermentans acetigenes and various Clostridium & Eubacterium spp.]

	Lachnospiraceae [incl. Anaerosporobacter mobilis, Desulfotomaculum guttoideum, Fusobacterium naviforme, Lactobacillus rogosae, Lactonifactor longoviformis, various Bacteroides, Clostridium, Eubacterium, & Ruminococcus ssp.]

Unassigned Clostridia s.s.

Catabacteraceae ♠ Lau et al. 2007
- Catabacter hongkongensis ♠ Lau et al. 2007
Christensenellaceae Morotomi et al. 2012
- Christensenella minuta Morotomi et al. 2012
Defluviitaleaceae Jabari et al. 2012
- Defluviitalea saccharophila Jabari et al. 2012

Note:
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)

References

^ J.P. Euzéby. "Clostridia". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [1]. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
^ Sayers et al. "Clostridia". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database [2]. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
^ All-Species Living Tree Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)". Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database [3]. Retrieved 2011-11-17.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人におけるクロストリジウム・ディフィシル：治療 clostridium difficile in adults treatment
2. 成人におけるクロストリジウム・ディフィシル：臨床症状および診断 clostridium difficile in adults clinical manifestations and diagnosis
3. 成人におけるクロストリジウム・ディフィシル：疫学、微生物学、および病態生理 clostridium difficile in adults epidemiology microbiology and pathophysiology
4. クロストリジウム性筋肉壊死 clostridial myonecrosis
5. 病院および施設におけるクロストリジウム・ディフィシルの予防および管理 prevention and control of clostridium difficile in hospital and institutional settings

English Journal

Exoproteome analysis of Clostridium cellulovorans in natural soft-biomass degradation.

Esaka K1, Aburaya S1, Morisaka H2, Kuroda K1, Ueda M2.
AMB Express.AMB Express.2015 Jan 24;5(1):2. eCollection 2015.
Clostridium cellulovorans is an anaerobic, cellulolytic bacterium, capable of effectively degrading various types of soft biomass. Its excellent capacity for degradation results from optimization of the composition of the protein complex (cellulosome) and production of non-cellulosomal proteins acco
PMID 25642399

High-throughput assessment of bacterial ecology in hog, cow and ovine casings used in sausages production.

Rebecchi A1, Pisacane V1, Miragoli F1, Polka J2, Falasconi I2, Morelli L2, Puglisi E3.
International journal of food microbiology.Int J Food Microbiol.2015 Nov 6;212:49-59. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.047. Epub 2015 May 7.
Natural casings derived from different intestine portions have been used for centuries in the production of fresh and dry-fermented sausages. Here we analysed by means of culture-dependent methods and Illumina high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons the bacterial ecology of hog, cow and ovi
PMID 26003605

Production of structurally diverse wheat arabinoxylan hydrolyzates using combinations of xylanase and arabinofuranosidase.

Mendis M1, Simsek S2.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2015 Nov 5;132:452-9. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.083. Epub 2015 Jun 14.
Structurally different wheat arabinoxylan hydrolyzates (AXH) were generated using different combinations of Cellvibrio japonicas xylanase (CJX), Aspergillus niger xylanase (ANX), Bifidobacterium adolescentis arabinofuranosidase (BAF) and Clostridium thermocellum arabinofuranosidase (CAF). Between th
PMID 26256370

Japanese Journal

基礎疾患のない若年健常人に発症した非クロストリジウム性ガス壊疽の1例 (特集細菌感染症)

寺村和也,山下真未,山本文平 [他]
皮膚科の臨床 57(9), 1377-1381, 2015-08
NAID 40020554773

症例坐骨結節部の褥瘡から生じた非クロストリジウム性ガス壊疽の1例

西和歌子,岩田洋平,有馬豪 [他]
西日本皮膚科 = The Nishinihon journal of dermatology : 日本皮膚科学会西部支部機関誌 77(1), 51-54, 2015-02
NAID 40020361151

坐骨結節部の褥瘡から生じた非クロストリジウム性ガス壊疽の 1 例

西和歌子,岩田洋平,有馬豪,西村景子,奥本隆行,吉村陽子,松永佳世子
西日本皮膚科 77(1), 51-54, 2015
患者は 47 歳女性，多発性硬化症による第 4 胸椎以下の神経障害があり，数年前より車椅子生活であった。2011 年 3 月より左坐骨結節部に褥瘡が生じたが放置していた。3 月下旬より 38 度台の発熱が生じ，解熱しないため，当科を受診した。初診時，左坐骨結節部の褥瘡部に壊死組織を認め，CT では左臀部から左下腿にかけて皮下深部組織内にガス像を認めガス壊疸と診断した。創部からの細菌培養では Ent …
NAID 130005084968

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拡張検索	「clostridial infection」「clostridial gas gangrene」「nonclostridial gas gangrene」「clostridial myonecrosis」
関連記事	「clostridia」

「clostridial infection」

Clostridia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Firmicutes
Class:	Clostridia
Orders
	Clostridiales Caldicoprobacteraceae; Christensenellaceae; Clostridiaceae; Defluviitaleaceae; Eubacteriaceae; Graciibacteraceae; Heliobacteriaceae; Lachnospiraceae; Oscillospiraceae; Peptococcaceae; Peptostreptococcaceae; Ruminococcaceae; Syntrophomonadaceae; Veillonellaceae; ; Halanaerobiales Halanaerobiaceae; Halobacteroidaceae; ; Natranaerobiales Natranaerobiaceae; ; Thermoanaerobacteriales Thermoanaerobacteraceae; Thermodesulfobiaceae; ;