Not to be confused with clomifene, clonazepam (Klonopin), or clozapine.
Clonidine
|
|
| Clinical data |
| Pronunciation |
|
| Trade names |
Catapres, Kapvay, Nexiclon |
| AHFS/Drugs.com |
Monograph |
| MedlinePlus |
a682243 |
| License data |
|
Pregnancy
category |
- AU: B3
- US: C (Risk not ruled out)
|
Routes of
administration |
By mouth, epidural, IV, transdermal, topical |
| ATC code |
- C02AC01 (WHO) N02CX02 (WHO), S01EA04 (WHO)
|
| Legal status |
| Legal status |
- AU: S4 (Prescription only)
- CA: ℞-only
- UK: POM (Prescription only)
- US: ℞-only
|
| Pharmacokinetic data |
| Bioavailability |
75–95% (oral), 60–70% (transdermal)[2] |
| Protein binding |
20–40%[1] |
| Metabolism |
Hepatic to inactive metabolites,[1] 2/3 CYP2D6 [2] |
| Biological half-life |
IR: 12–16 hours,[3] 48 hours for repeated dosing[2] |
| Excretion |
Urine (72%)[1] |
| Identifiers |
IUPAC name
- N-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)-4,5--1H-imidazol-2-amine
|
| CAS Number |
|
| PubChem CID |
|
| IUPHAR/BPS |
|
| DrugBank |
|
| ChemSpider |
|
| UNII |
|
| KEGG |
|
| ChEBI |
|
| ChEMBL |
|
| ECHA InfoCard |
100.021.928 |
| Chemical and physical data |
| Formula |
C9H9Cl2N3 |
| Molar mass |
230.093 g/mol |
| 3D model (JSmol) |
|
SMILES
-
Clc1c(c(Cl)ccc1)N/C2=N/CCN2
|
InChI
-
InChI=1S/C9H9Cl2N3/c10-6-2-1-3-7(11)8(6)14-9-12-4-5-13-9/h1-3H,4-5H2,(H2,12,13,14) Y
-
Key:GJSURZIOUXUGAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
|
| (verify) |
Clonidine (trade names Catapres, Kapvay, Nexiclon, Clophelin, and others) is a medication used to treat high blood pressure, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, tic disorders, withdrawal (from either alcohol, opioids, or smoking), migraine, menopausal flushing, diarrhea, and certain pain conditions.[4] It is classified as a centrally acting α2 adrenergic agonist and imidazoline receptor agonist that has been in clinical use for over 40 years.[5]
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 1.1 Clonidine suppression test
- 1.2 Pregnancy
- 2 Adverse effects
- 3 Mechanism of action
- 4 Society and culture
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Medical uses
Clonidine tablets and transdermal patch
Clonidine was introduced in 1966.[6] It was first used as a hypertension treatment under the trade name of Catapres.[7] The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved clonidine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), under the trade name of Kapvay alone or with stimulants in 2010, for pediatric patients aged 6–17 years.[1][8] It was later approved for adults. In Australia, clonidine is an accepted but not approved use for ADHD by the TGA.[9] Clonidine along with methylphenidate has been studied for treatment of ADHD.[10][11][12] According to the clinical trials submitted to FDA its effectiveness is comparable to stimulants commonly used for ADHD. When used alone it leads to ~35% improvement in symptoms, comparable to ~30% improvement when stimulants are used.[13][14] Some studies show clonidine more sedating than guanfacine, which may be better at bed time along with an arousing stimulant at morning.[15][16] Clonidine can be used in the treatment of Tourette syndrome (specifically for tics).[17]
Clonidine may be used to ease withdrawal symptoms associated with the long-term use of narcotics, alcohol, benzodiazepines and nicotine (smoking).[18] It can alleviate opioid withdrawal symptoms by reducing the sympathetic nervous system response such as tachycardia and hypertension, as well as reducing sweating, hot and cold flashes, and general restlessness.[19] It may also be helpful in aiding smokers to quit.[20] The sedation effect is also useful. However, its side effects can include insomnia, thus exacerbating an already common feature of opioid withdrawal.[21]
Clonidine also has several off-label uses, and has been prescribed to treat psychiatric disorders including stress, sleep disorders, and hyperarousal caused by post-traumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder, and other anxiety disorders.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Clonidine is also a mild sedative, and can be used as premedication before surgery or procedures.[30] Its epidural use for pain during heart attack, postoperative and intractable pain has also been studied extensively.[31] Clonidine has also been suggested as a treatment for rare instances of dexmedetomidine withdrawal.[32] Clonidine can be used in restless legs syndrome. It can also be used to treat facial flushing and redness associated with rosacea.[33] It has also been successfully used topically in a clinical trial as a treatment for diabetic neuropathy.[34] Clonidine can also be used for migraine headaches and hot flashes associated with menopause.[35][36] Clonidine has also been used to treat diarrhea associated with irritable bowel syndrome, fecal incontinence, diabetes, withdrawal-associated diarrhea, intestinal failure, neuroendocrine tumors and cholera.[37]
Clonidine suppression test
Clonidine's effect on reducing circulating epinephrine by a central mechanism was used in the past as an investigatory test for phaeochromocytoma, which is a catecholamine-synthesizing tumour, usually of the adrenal medulla.[38] In a clonidine suppression test plasma catecholamines levels are measured before and 3 hours after a 0.3 mg oral test dose has been given to somebody. A positive test occurs if there is no decrease in plasma levels.[38]
Pregnancy
Clonidine is classed by the FDA as pregnancy category C. It is classified by the TGA of Australia as pregnancy category B3, which means that it has shown some detrimental effects on fetal development in animal studies, although the relevance of this to human beings is unknown.[39] Clonidine can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby; caution is warranted in women who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breastfeeding.[40]
Adverse effects
The principal adverse effects of clonidine are sedation, dry mouth, and hypotension (low blood pressure).[1]
Adverse effects by frequency[39][41]
Very common (>10% frequency):
- Dizziness
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Somnolence (dose-dependent)
- Xerostomia (dry mouth)
- Headache (dose-dependent)
- Fatigue
- Skin reactions (if given transdermally)
- Hypotension
Common (1-10% frequency):
- Anxiety
- Constipation
- Sedation (dose-dependent)
- Nausea/vomiting
- Malaise
- Abnormal LFTs
- Rash
- Weight gain/loss
- Pain below the ear (from salivary gland)
- Erectile dysfunction
Uncommon (0.1-1% frequency):
- Delusional perception
- Hallucination
- Nightmare
- Paraesthesia
- Sinus bradycardia
- Raynaud's phenomenon
- Pruritus
- Urticaria
Rare (<0.1% frequency):
- Gynaecomastia
- Impaired ability to cry
- Atrioventricular block
- Nasal dryness
- Colonic pseudo-obstruction
- Alopecia
- Hyperglycaemia
Withdrawal
Clonidine suppresses sympathetic outflow resulting in lower blood pressure, but sudden discontinuation can cause rebound hypertension due to a rebound in sympathetic outflow.[4]
Clonidine therapy should generally be gradually tapered when discontinuing therapy to avoid rebound effects from occurring. Treatment of clonidine withdrawal hypertension depends on the severity of the condition. Reintroduction of clonidine for mild cases, alpha and beta blockers for more urgent situations. Beta blockers never should be used alone to treat clonidine withdrawal as alpha vasoconstriction would still continue.[42][43]
Mechanism of action
Clonidine treats high blood pressure by stimulating α2 receptors in the brain, which decreases peripheral vascular resistance, lowering blood pressure. It has specificity towards the presynaptic α2 receptors in the vasomotor center in the brainstem. This binding decreases presynaptic calcium levels, thus inhibiting the release of norepinephrine (NE). The net effect is a decrease in sympathetic tone.[44] It has also been proposed that the antihypertensive effect of clonidine is due to agonism on the I1 receptor (imidazoline receptor), which mediates the sympatho-inhibitory actions of imidazolines to lower blood pressure.[45] Its mechanism of action in the treatment of ADHD is to increase noradrenergic tone in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) directly by binding to postsynaptic α2A adrenergic receptors and indirectly by increasing norepinephrine input from the locus coeruleus.[46]
| Receptor |
Ki (nM)[47] |
| α1A |
316.23 |
| α1B |
316.23 |
| α1D |
125.89 |
| α2A |
42.92 |
| α2B |
106.31 |
| α2C |
233.1 |
Society and culture
As of June 2017 clonidine was marketed under many brand names worldwide: Arkamin, Aruclonin, Atensina, Catapin, Catapres, Catapresan, Catapressan, Chianda, Chlofazoline, Chlophazolin, Clonid-Ophtal, Clonidin, Clonidina, Clonidinã, Clonidine, Clonidine hydrochloride, Clonidinhydrochlorid, Clonidini , Clonidinum, Clonigen, Clonistada, Clonnirit, Clophelinum, Dixarit, Duraclon, Edolglau, Haemiton, Hypodine, Hypolax, Iporel, Isoglaucon, Jenloga, Kapvay, Klofelino, Kochaniin, Melzin, Menograine, Normopresan, Paracefan, Pinsanidine, Run Rui, and Winpress.[48] It was marketed as a combination drug with chlortalidone as Arkamin-H, Bemplas, Catapres-DIU, and Clorpres , and in combination with bendroflumethiazide as Pertenso.[48]
References
- ^ a b c d e "clonidine (Rx) - Catapres, Catapres-TTS, more..". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
- ^ a b Lowenthal, DT; Matzek, KM; MacGregor, TR (May 1988). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of clonidine.". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 14 (5): 287–310. PMID 3293868. doi:10.2165/00003088-198814050-00002.
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b Brayfield, A, ed. (13 January 2014). "Clonidine". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
- ^ Neil, MJ (November 2011). "Clonidine: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use in pain management.". Current Clinical Pharmacology. 6 (4): 280–7. PMID 21827389. doi:10.2174/157488411798375886.
- ^ Stähle, Helmut (June 2000). "A historical perspective: development of clonidine". Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology. 14 (2): 237–246. doi:10.1053/bean.2000.0079.
- ^ https://www.drugs.com/clonidine.html
- ^ "FDA Approves Extended-Release Clonidine for Pediatric ADHD". WebMD LLC.
- ^ Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3.
- ^ Palumbo, DR; Sallee, FR; Pelham WE, Jr; Bukstein, OG; Daviss, WB; McDermott, MP (February 2008). "Clonidine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Efficacy and tolerability outcomes.". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 47 (2): 180–8. PMID 18182963. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815d9af7.
- ^ Daviss, WB; Patel, NC; Robb, AS; McDermott, MP; Bukstein, OG; Pelham WE, Jr; Palumbo, D; Harris, P; Sallee, FR (February 2008). "Clonidine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. ECG changes and adverse events analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 47 (2): 189–98. PMID 18182964. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815d9ae4.
- ^ Kornfield R, Watson S, Higashi AS, Conti RM, Dusetzina SB, Garfield CF, Dorsey ER, Huskamp HA, Alexander GC (April 2013). "Impact of FDA Advisories on Pharmacologic Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". Psychiatric Services. 64 (4): 339–46. PMC 4023684 . PMID 23318985. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201200147.
- ^ PALUMBO, DONNA R.; SALLEE, FLOYD R.; PELHAM, WILLIAM E.; BUKSTEIN, OSCAR G.; DAVISS, W. BURLESON; McDERMOTT, MICHAEL P. (February 2008). "Clonidine for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: I. Efficacy and Tolerability Outcomes". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 47 (2): 180–188. PMID 18182963. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815d9af7.
- ^ Kollins, Scott H.; Jain, Rakesh; Brams, Matthew; Segal, Scott; Findling, Robert L.; Wigal, Sharon B.; Khayrallah, Moise (2011-06-01). "Clonidine Extended-Release Tablets as Add-on Therapy to Psychostimulants in Children and Adolescents With ADHD". Pediatrics. 127 (6): e1406–e1413. ISSN 0031-4005. PMC 3387872 . PMID 21555501. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1260.
- ^ "Guanfacine, But Not Clonidine, Improves Planning and Working Memory Performance in Humans". Neuropsychopharmacology. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
- ^ "Clonidine and Guanfacine IR vs ER: Old Drugs With "New" Formulations". Mental Health Clinician. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
- ^ Egolf, A; Coffey, BJ (February 2014). "Current pharmacotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of Tourette syndrome.". Drugs of Today. 50 (2): 159–79. PMID 24619591. doi:10.1358/dot.2014.50.2.2097801.
- ^ Fitzgerald, PJ (October 2013). "Elevated Norepinephrine may be a Unifying Etiological Factor in the Abuse of a Broad Range of Substances: Alcohol, Nicotine, Marijuana, Heroin, Cocaine, and Caffeine.". Substance Abuse. 7: 171–83. PMC 3798293 . PMID 24151426. doi:10.4137/SART.S13019.
- ^ Giannini, AJ (1997). Drugs of Abuse (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Practice Management Information.
- ^ Gourlay, SG; Stead, LF; Benowitz, NL (2004). "Clonidine for smoking cessation.". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD000058. PMID 15266422. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000058.pub2.
- ^ Giannini, AJ; Extein, I; Gold, MS; Pottash, ALC; Castellani, S (1983). "Clonidine in mania". Drug Development Research. 3 (1): 101–105. doi:10.1002/ddr.430030112.
- ^ van der Kolk, BA (September–October 1987). "The drug treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.". Journal of Affective Disorders. 13 (2): 203–13. PMID 2960712. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(87)90024-3.
- ^ Sutherland, SM; Davidson, JR (June 1994). "Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder.". The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 17 (2): 409–23. PMID 7937367.
- ^ Southwick, SM; Bremner, JD; Rasmusson, A; Morgan CA, 3rd; Arnsten, A; Charney, DS (November 1999). "Role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.". Biological Psychiatry. 46 (9): 1192–204. PMID 10560025. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00219-X.
- ^ Strawn, JR; Geracioti, TD, Jr (2008). "Noradrenergic dysfunction and the psychopharmacology of posttraumatic stress disorder.". Depression and Anxiety. 25 (3): 260–71. PMID 17354267. doi:10.1002/da.20292.
- ^ Boehnlein, JK; Kinzie, JD (March 2007). "Pharmacologic reduction of CNS noradrenergic activity in PTSD: the case for clonidine and prazosin.". Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 13 (2): 72–8. PMID 17414682. doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000265763.79753.c1.
- ^ Huffman, JC; Stern, TA (2007). "Neuropsychiatric consequences of cardiovascular medications.". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 9 (1): 29–45. PMC 3181843 . PMID 17506224.
- ^ Najjar, F; Weller, RA; Weisbrot, J; Weller, EB (April 2008). "Post-traumatic stress disorder and its treatment in children and adolescents.". Current Psychiatry Reports. 10 (2): 104–8. PMID 18474199. doi:10.1007/s11920-008-0019-0.
- ^ Ziegenhorn, AA; Roepke, S; Schommer, NC; Merkl, A; Danker-Hopfe, H; Perschel, FH; Heuser, I; Anghelescu, IG; Lammers, CH (April 2009). "Clonidine improves hyperarousal in borderline personality disorder with or without comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 29 (2): 170–3. PMID 19512980. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e31819a4bae.
- ^ Fazi, L; Jantzen, EC; Rose, JB; Kurth, CD; Watcha, MF (2001). "A comparison of oral clonidine and oral midazolam as preanesthetic medications in the pediatric tonsillectomy patient" (PDF). Anesthesia and Analgesia. 92 (1): 56–61. PMID 11133600. doi:10.1097/00000539-200101000-00011.
- ^ Patel, SS; Dunn, CJ; Bryson, HM (1996). "Epidural clonidine: a review of its pharmacology and efficacy in the management of pain during labour and postoperative and intractable pain". CNS Drugs. 6 (6): 474–497. doi:10.2165/00023210-199606060-00007.
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- ^ Blount, BW; Pelletier, AL (2002). "Rosacea: A Common, Yet Commonly Overlooked, Condition". American Family Physician. 66 (3): 435–441. PMID 12182520.
- ^ Campbell, CM; Kipnes, MS; Stouch, BC; Brady, KL; Kelly, M; Schmidt, WK; Petersen, KL; Rowbotham, MC; Campbell, JN (September 2012). "Randomized control trial of topical clonidine for treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy". Pain. 153 (9): 1815–1823. PMC 3413770 . PMID 22683276. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.04.014.
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External links
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clonidine. |
- U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Clonidine
- Alpha-2 agonists in ADHD
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Drugs used for glaucoma preparations and miosis (S01E)
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| Related articles |
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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Sympatholytics
(antagonize α-adrenergic
vasoconstriction) |
| Central |
| α2 agonist |
- Clonidine
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- Methyldopa#
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|
| Adrenergic release inhibitors |
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| Other antagonists |
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| Endothelin antagonist (for PH) |
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|
|
- #WHO-EM
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|
-
- #WHO-EM
- ‡Withdrawn from market
- Clinical trials:
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- §Never to phase III
|
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Treatment of drug dependence (N07B)
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- Adrenergic agonist (AA): (Clonidine)
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| Alcohol dependence |
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- Nalmefene)
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- Dihydrocodeine
- Dihydroetorphine
- Hydromorphone (extended-release)
- Morphine (extended-release)
- Opioid antagonists (Naltrexone
- Nalmefene)
|
| Benzodiazepine dependence |
- AA (Clonidine)
- Benzodiazepines (Diazepam
- Lorazepam
- Chlordiazepoxide
- Oxazepam)
- Barbiturates (Phenobarbital)
|
| Amphetamine dependence |
- Amphetamine
- Bupropion
- Topiramate
|
| Cocaine dependence |
|
|
Appetite stimulants (A15)
|
| Exogenous |
- Amitriptyline
- Clonidine
- Cyproheptadine
- Dexamethasone
- Dronabinol/Tetrahydrocannabinol (Cannabis)
- Medroxyprogesterone acetate
- Megestrol acetate
- Mirtazapine
- Nabilone
- Nandrolone
- Olanzapine
- Omega-3 fatty acid
- Oxandrolone
- Pentoxifylline
- Prednisone
- Sugars
- Testosterone
- Thalidomide
|
| Endogenous |
- ACTH/Corticotropin
- Adiponectin
- Agouti-related peptide
- Anandamide
- Cortisol/Hydrocortisone
- Cortisone
- Ghrelin
- Melanin-concentrating hormone
- Melatonin
- Neuropeptide Y
- Orexin/Hypocretin
|
|
Adrenergic receptor modulators
|
| α1 |
- Agonists
- 6-FNE
- Amidephrine
- Anisodine
- Buspirone
- Cirazoline
- Corbadrine
- Desglymidodrine
- Dexisometheptene
- Dipivefrine
- Dopamine
- Droxidopa (L-DOPS)
- Ephedrine
- Epinephrine
- Etilefrine
- Etilevodopa
- Ethylnorepinephrine
- Indanidine
- Isometheptene
- L-DOPA (levodopa)
- L-Phenylalanine
- L-Tyrosine
- Melevodopa
- Metaraminol
- Methoxamine
- Methyldopa
- Midodrine
- Naphazoline
- Norepinephrine
- Octopamine (drug)
- Oxymetazoline
- Phenylephrine
- Phenylpropanolamine
- Pseudoephedrine
- Synephrine
- Tetryzoline
- Tiamenidine
- XP21279
- Xylometazoline
|
- Antagonists
- Abanoquil
- Adimolol
- Ajmalicine
- Alfuzosin
- Amosulalol
- Anisodamine
- Arotinolol
- Atiprosin
- Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone)
- Benoxathian
- Buflomedil
- Bunazosin
- Carvedilol
- Corynanthine
- Dapiprazole
- Domesticine
- Doxazosin
- Ergolines (e.g., ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, lisuride, terguride)
- Etoperidone
- Eugenodilol
- Fenspiride
- Hydroxyzine
- Indoramin
- Ketanserin
- L-765,314
- Labetalol
- mCPP
- Mepiprazole
- Metazosin
- Monatepil
- Moxisylyte
- Naftopidil
- Nantenine
- Nefazodone
- Neldazosin
- Niaprazine
- Nicergoline
- Niguldipine
- Pardoprunox
- Pelanserin
- Phendioxan
- Phenoxybenzamine
- Phentolamine
- Piperoxan
- Prazosin
- Quinazosin
- Ritanserin
- Silodosin
- Spiperone
- Talipexole
- Tamsulosin
- Terazosin
- Tiodazosin
- Tolazoline
- Trazodone
- Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin)
- Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine)
- Trimazosin
- Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine)
- Urapidil
- WB-4101
- Zolertine
|
|
| α2 |
- Agonists
- (R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
- 4-NEMD
- 6-FNE
- Amitraz
- Apraclonidine
- Brimonidine
- Cannabivarin
- Clonidine
- Corbadrine
- Detomidine
- Dexmedetomidine
- Dihydroergotamine
- Dipivefrine
- Dopamine
- Droxidopa (L-DOPS)
- Etilevodopa
- Ephedrine
- Ergotamine
- Epinephrine
- Etilefrine
- Ethylnorepinephrine
- Guanabenz
- Guanfacine
- Guanoxabenz
- L-DOPA (levodopa)
- L-Phenylalanine
- L-Tyrosine
- Lofexidine
- Medetomidine
- Melevodopa
- Methyldopa
- Mivazerol
- Naphazoline
- Norepinephrine
- Oxymetazoline
- Phenylpropanolamine
- Piperoxan
- Pseudoephedrine
- Rezatomidine
- Rilmenidine
- Romifidine
- Talipexole
- Tetrahydrozoline
- Tiamenidine
- Tizanidine
- Tolonidine
- Urapidil
- XP21279
- Xylazine
- Xylometazoline
|
- Antagonists
- 1-PP
- Adimolol
- Aptazapine
- Atipamezole
- Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clozapine, lurasidone, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, zotepine)
- Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, tandospirone)
- BRL-44408
- Buflomedil
- Cirazoline
- Efaroxan
- Esmirtazapine
- Fenmetozole
- Fluparoxan
- Idazoxan
- mCPP
- Mianserin
- Mirtazapine
- NAN-190
- Olanzapine
- Pardoprunox
- Phentolamine
- Phenoxybenzamine
- Piperoxan
- Piribedil
- Rauwolscine
- Rotigotine
- SB-269970
- Setiptiline
- Spiroxatrine
- Sunepitron
- Tolazoline
- Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine)
- Yohimbine
|
|
| β |
- Agonists
- Abediterol
- Alifedrine
- Amibegron
- Arbutamine
- Arformoterol
- Arotinolol
- BAAM
- Bambuterol
- Befunolol
- Bitolterol
- Broxaterol
- Buphenine
- Carbuterol
- Carmoterol
- Cimaterol
- Clenbuterol
- Corbadrine
- Denopamine
- Dipivefrine
- Dobutamine
- Dopamine
- Dopexamine
- Droxidopa (L-DOPS)
- Ephedrine
- Epinephrine
- Etafedrine
- Etilefrine
- Etilevodopa
- Ethylnorepinephrine
- Fenoterol
- Formoterol
- Hexoprenaline
- Higenamine
- Indacaterol
- Isoetarine
- Isoprenaline
- Isoxsuprine
- L-DOPA (levodopa)
- L-Phenylalanine
- L-Tyrosine
- Levosalbutamol
- Mabuterol
- Melevodopa
- Methoxyphenamine
- Methyldopa
- Mirabegron
- Norepinephrine
- Orciprenaline
- Oxyfedrine
- PF-610355
- Phenylpropanolamine
- Pirbuterol
- Prenalterol
- Ractopamine
- Procaterol
- Pseudoephedrine
- Reproterol
- Rimiterol
- Ritodrine
- Salbutamol
- Salmeterol
- Solabegron
- Terbutaline
- Tretoquinol
- Tulobuterol
- Vilanterol
- Xamoterol
- XP21279
- Zilpaterol
- Zinterol
|
- Antagonists
- Acebutolol
- Adaprolol
- Adimolol
- Afurolol
- Alprenolol
- Alprenoxime
- Amosulalol
- Ancarolol
- Arnolol
- Arotinolol
- Atenolol
- Befunolol
- Betaxolol
- Bevantolol
- Bisoprolol
- Bopindolol
- Bornaprolol
- Brefonalol
- Bucindolol
- Bucumolol
- Bufetolol
- Bufuralol
- Bunitrolol
- Bunolol
- Bupranolol
- Butaxamine
- Butidrine
- Butofilolol
- Capsinolol
- Carazolol
- Carpindolol
- Carteolol
- Carvedilol
- Celiprolol
- Cetamolol
- Cicloprolol
- Cinamolol
- Cloranolol
- Cyanopindolol
- Dalbraminol
- Dexpropranolol
- Diacetolol
- Dichloroisoprenaline
- Dihydroalprenolol
- Dilevalol
- Diprafenone
- Draquinolol
- Ecastolol
- Epanolol
- Ericolol
- Ersentilide
- Esatenolol
- Esprolol
- Eugenodilol
- Exaprolol
- Falintolol
- Flestolol
- Flusoxolol
- Hydroxycarteolol
- Hydroxytertatolol
- ICI-118,551
- Idropranolol
- Indenolol
- Indopanolol
- Iodocyanopindolol
- Iprocrolol
- Isoxaprolol
- Isamoltane
- Labetalol
- Landiolol
- Levobetaxolol
- Levobunolol
- Levomoprolol
- Medroxalol
- Mepindolol
- Metipranolol
- Metoprolol
- Moprolol
- Nadolol
- Nadoxolol
- Nebivolol
- Nifenalol
- Nipradilol
- Oxprenolol
- Pacrinolol
- Pafenolol
- Pamatolol
- Pargolol
- Penbutolol
- Pindolol
- Practolol
- Primidolol
- Procinolol
- Pronethalol
- Propafenone
- Propranolol
- Ridazolol
- Ronactolol
- Soquinolol
- Sotalol
- Spirendolol
- SR 59230A
- Sulfinalol
- Talinolol
- Tazolol
- Tertatolol
- Tienoxolol
- Tilisolol
- Timolol
- Tiprenolol
- Tolamolol
- Toliprolol
- Xibenolol
- Xipranolol
|
|
- See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
- Dopaminergics
- Serotonergics
- Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
- Monoamine releasing agents
- Monoamine metabolism modulators
- Monoamine neurotoxins
|
|
Imidazoline receptor modulators
|
| IR |
- Agonists: 2-BFI
- 7-Me-Marsanidine
- Agmatine
- Apraclonidine
- BU224
- Clonidine
- Clorgyline
- Harmalas
- LNP-509
- LNP-911
- mCPP
- Moxonidine
- Rilmenidine
- S-23515
- S-23757
- Antagonists: BU99006
- Efaroxan
- Idazoxan
- Unsorted/unknown:
- Pargyline
|
|
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
|