クロロブタノール
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2012/11/25 22:46:03」(JST)
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Chlorobutanol |
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IUPAC name
1,1,1-Trichloro-2-methylpropan-2-ol
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Other names
1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol, chlorbutol, chloreton, chloretone, chlortran, trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol, 1,1,1-trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol, 2-(trichloromethyl)propan-2-ol, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol, tert-Trichlorobutyl alcohol, trichloro-tert-butanol, trichlorisobutylalcohol, 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-dimethylethanol
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Identifiers |
CAS number |
57-15-8 Y |
ChemSpider |
13842993 Y |
UNII |
HM4YQM8WRC Y |
KEGG |
D01942 Y |
ATC code |
A04AD04 |
Jmol-3D images |
Image 1 |
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InChI=1S/C4H7Cl3O/c1-3(2,8)4(5,6)7/h8H,1-2H3 Y
Key: OSASVXMJTNOKOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
InChI=1/C4H7Cl3O/c1-3(2,8)4(5,6)7/h8H,1-2H3
Key: OSASVXMJTNOKOY-UHFFFAOYAO
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Properties |
Molecular formula |
C4H7Cl3O |
Molar mass |
175.5 g/mol |
Appearance |
White solid |
Melting point |
95–99 °C
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Boiling point |
167 °C
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Y (verify) (what is: Y/N?)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
Infobox references |
Chlorobutanol, or trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol, is a chemical preservative, sedative hypnotic and weak local anaesthetic similar in nature to chloral hydrate. It has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Chlorobutanol is typically used at a concentration of 0.5% where it lends long term stability to multi-ingredient formulations.
Chemical synthesis
Chlorobutanol is formed by the simple nucleophilic addition of chloroform and acetone. The reaction is base driven by potassium or sodium hydroxide.
External links
- Chlorobutanol MSDS
- A04AD04
Antiemetics (A04)
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5-HT3 Antagonists |
- Alosetron
- Azasetron
- Bemesetron
- Cilansetron
- Clozapine
- Dazopride
- Dolasetron
- Granisetron
- Lerisetron
- Metoclopramide
- Mianserin
- Mirtazapine
- Olanzapine
- Ondansetron
- Palonosetron
- Ramosetron
- Ricasetron
- Tropisetron
- Zatosetron
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CB1 Agonists (Cannabinoids) |
- Dronabinol
- Nabilone
- Nonabine
- Tetrahydrocannabinol
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D2/D3 Antagonists |
- Alizapride
- Bromopride
- Chlorpromazine
- Clebopride
- Domperidone
- Haloperidol
- Itopride
- Metoclopramide
- Metopimazine
- Prochlorperazine
- Thiethylperazine
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H1 Antagonists (Antihistamines) |
- Cyclizine
- Dimenhydrinate
- Diphenhydramine
- Meclozine
- Promethazine
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mACh Antagonists (Anticholinergics) |
- Atropine
- Hyoscyamine
- Scopolamine
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NK1 Antagonists |
- Aprepitant
- Casopitant
- Ezlopitant
- Fosaprepitant
- Maropitant
- Vestipitant
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Others |
- Cerium oxalate
- Dexamethasone
- Lorazepam
- Midazolam
- Propofol
- Trimethobenzamide
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anat(t, g, p)/phys/devp/enzy
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noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon
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proc, drug(A2A/2B/3/4/5/6/7/14/16), blte
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 中毒性結膜炎 toxic conjunctivitis
English Journal
- An unexpectedly lichenase-stable hexasaccharide from cereal, horsetail and lichen mixed-linkage β-glucans (MLGs): implications for MLG subunit distribution.
- Simmons TJ, Uhrín D, Gregson T, Murray L, Sadler IH, Fry SC.Author information The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK.AbstractMixed-linkage (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucan (MLG) is a biologically and technologically important hemicellulose, known to occur in three widely separated lineages: the Poales (including grasses and cereals), Equisetum (fern-allies), and some lichens e.g. Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica). Lichenase (E.C. 3.2.1.73) is widely assumed to hydrolyse all (1→4) bonds that immediately follow (1→3) bonds in MLG, generating predominantly the tetrasaccharide β-d-Glcp-(1→4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-d-Glc (G4G4G3G; MLG4), the corresponding trisaccharide (G4G3G; MLG3), and sometimes also laminaribiose (G3G; MLG2). The ratio of the oligosaccharides produced characterises each polysaccharide. We report here that digestion of MLG from barley (Hordeum vulgare), Equisetum arvense and C. islandica by Bacillus subtilis lichenase also yields the unexpectedly stable hexasaccharide, β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-d-Glc (G3G4G4G4G3G, i.e. MLG2-MLG4), identified by thin-layer chromatography, gel-permeation chromatography, HPLC (HPAEC), β-glucosidase digestion, (1)H/(13)C-NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. On HPLC, G3G4G4G4G3G is the major constituent of a peak previously ascribed solely to the nonasaccharide G4G4G4G4G4G4G4G3G. Because it was widely presumed that lichenase would cleave G3G4G4G4G3G to MLG2+MLG4, our data both redefine the substrate specificity of Bacillus lichenase and show previous attempts to characterise MLGs by HPLC of lichenase-digests to be flawed. MLG2 subunits are particularly underestimated; often reported as negligible, they are here shown to be an appreciable constituent of MLGs from all three lineages. We also show that there is no appreciable yield of water-soluble lichenase products with DP>9; potential identities of products previously labelled DP>9 are suggested. Finally, this discovery also provides a opportunity to investigate the spatial distribution of subunits along the MLG chain. We show that MLG2 subunits in barley and Cetraria MLG are not randomly distributed, but predominantly found at the non-reducing end of MLG4 subunits.
- Phytochemistry.Phytochemistry.2013 Nov;95:322-32. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.08.003. Epub 2013 Sep 8.
- Mixed-linkage (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucan (MLG) is a biologically and technologically important hemicellulose, known to occur in three widely separated lineages: the Poales (including grasses and cereals), Equisetum (fern-allies), and some lichens e.g. Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica). Lichenase (E
- PMID 24025426
- Effect of antimicrobial preservatives on partial protein unfolding and aggregation.
- Hutchings RL, M Singh S, Cabello-Villegas J, Mallela KM.Author information Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.AbstractOne-third of protein formulations are multi-dose. These require antimicrobial preservatives (APs); however, some APs have been shown to cause protein aggregation. Our previous work on a model protein cytochrome c indicated that partial protein unfolding, rather than complete unfolding, triggers aggregation. Here, we examined the relative strength of five commonly used APs on such unfolding and aggregation, and explored whether stabilizing the aggregation 'hot-spot' reduces such aggregation. All APs induced protein aggregation in the order m-cresol > phenol > benzyl alcohol > phenoxyethanol > chlorobutanol. All these enhanced the partial protein unfolding that includes a local region which was predicted to be the aggregation 'hot-spot'. The extent of destabilization correlated with the extent of aggregation. Further, we show that stabilizing the 'hot-spot' reduces aggregation induced by all five APs. These results indicate that m-cresol causes the most protein aggregation, whereas chlorobutanol causes the least protein aggregation. The same protein region acts as the 'hot-spot' for aggregation induced by different APs, implying that developing strategies to prevent protein aggregation induced by one AP will also work for others.
- Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.J Pharm Sci.2013 Feb;102(2):365-76. doi: 10.1002/jps.23362. Epub 2012 Nov 20.
- One-third of protein formulations are multi-dose. These require antimicrobial preservatives (APs); however, some APs have been shown to cause protein aggregation. Our previous work on a model protein cytochrome c indicated that partial protein unfolding, rather than complete unfolding, triggers aggr
- PMID 23169345
- Methacarn as a whole brain fixative for gene and protein expression analyses of specific brain regions in rats.
- Akane H, Saito F, Yamanaka H, Shiraki A, Imatanaka N, Akahori Y, Morita R, Mitsumori K, Shibutani M.Author information Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan.AbstractFor molecular analysis in anatomically-specific brain regions for rodent studies, it is necessary to establish a fast and accurate procedure for tissue sampling to achieve high integrity and expression fidelity of extracted molecules. The present study was performed to examine suitability of whole brain fixation with methacarn and subsequent tissue sampling using punch-biopsy devices for gene expression analysis in rats. After fixation, each specific region, i.e., hippocampal dentate gyrus, corpus callosum, cingulate cortex or cerebellar vermis was collected, and the integrity and variability of expression data of extracted total RNAs and polypeptides were examined. Methacarn fixation, acetone fixation, and unfixed tissues were compared. Methacarn fixation resulted in high integrity of total RNAs sufficient for conducting global expression analysis and superior in terms of uniformity in the integrity among brain regions to that of acetone fixation. Extracted polypeptide after methacarn fixation revealed similar integrity to that without fixation or with acetone fixation. Methacarn fixation resulted in lower mRNA expression variability between samples than acetone fixation in microarray analysis. The fidelity of polypeptide expression was mostly equivalent between methacarn and acetone fixation in 2-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis, although the expression levels of a small number of polypeptides from acetone-fixed tissues were affected. These results suggest that whole brain fixation with methacarn retains advantages for global analyses of mRNAs and polypeptides in rodent studies.
- The Journal of toxicological sciences.J Toxicol Sci.2013;38(3):431-43.
- For molecular analysis in anatomically-specific brain regions for rodent studies, it is necessary to establish a fast and accurate procedure for tissue sampling to achieve high integrity and expression fidelity of extracted molecules. The present study was performed to examine suitability of whole b
- PMID 23665942
Japanese Journal
- Cell Viability of Four Corneoconjunctival Cell Lines Exposed to Five Preservatives and a Surfactant Used for Infection Control in Eyedrops
- AYAKI MASAHIKO,IWASAWA ATSUO
- Biocontrol science 16(3), 117-121, 2011-09-10
- … The results of each ingredient for %CVS50, and %CVS40/80 were 0.01% benzalkonium chloride (51, -13), 1% boric acid (100, 99), 0.4% methyl paraoxybenzoate (100, 100), 0.4% propyl paraoxybenzoate (100, 100), 1.0% polysorbate 80 (68, 18), and 0.5% chlorobutanol (100, 100). …
- NAID 10029767055
- ジクロフェナクナトリウム点眼製剤による角膜障害因子の検討
- 福田 正道,高橋 信夫,村野 秀和,山代 陽子,萩原 健太,北川 和子,佐々木 洋
- 金沢医科大学雑誌 30(4), 567-571, 2005-12
- (目的)ジクロフェナクナトリウム(以下DFNaと略)点眼製剤の角膜障害因子について検討した。(方法)培養兎由来角膜細胞(以下SIRCと略)をクロロブタノール(以下CBと略)(0.5%),DFNa(0.1%)単独,およびCB+DFNa混合液を接触処理し,その細胞生存率(%),SIRCからの乳酸脱水素酵素(LDH)の漏出量をマイクロプレートリーダー法(MTT法,490nm)で算出した。また,3種溶液の …
- NAID 110006198488
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