WordNet

(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity; "genes were formerly called factors" (同)cistron, factor
being or relating to or like a chimera; "his Utopia is not as chimeric commonwealth but a practical improvement on what already exists"- Douglas Bush (同)chimerical, chimeral
informal term for information; "give me the gen on your new line of computers"

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/15 14:12:30」(JST)

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Chimeric genes (literally, made of parts from different sources) form through the combination of portions of one or more coding sequences to produce new genes. These mutations are distinct from fusion genes which merge whole gene sequences into a single reading frame and often retain their original functions.

Formation

Chimeric genes can form through several different means. Many chimeric genes form through errors in DNA replication or DNA repair so that pieces of two different genes are inadvertently combined.^[1] Chimeric genes can also form through retrotransposition where a retrotransposon accidentally copies the transcript of a gene and inserts it into the genome in a new location. Depending on where the new retrogene appears, it can recruit new exons to produce a chimeric gene. Finally, ectopic recombination, when there is an exchange between portions of the genome that are not actually related, can also produce chimeric genes. This process occurs often in human genomes, and abnormal chimeras formed by this process are known to cause color blindness.

Evolutionary Importance of Fusion Proteins

Chimeric genes are important players in the evolution of genetic novelty. Much like gene duplications, they provide a source of new genes, which can allow organisms to develop new phenotypes and adapt to their environment. Unlike duplicate genes, chimeric proteins are immediately distinct from their parental genes, and therefore are more likely to produce entirely new functions.

Chimeric fusion proteins form often in genomes,^[1] and many of these are likely to be dysfunctional and eliminated by natural selection. However, in some cases, these new peptides can form fully functional gene products that are selectively favored and spread through populations quickly.

Functions

One of the most well known chimeric genes was identified in Drosophila and has been named Jingwei.^[2] This gene is formed from a retrotransposed copy of Alcohol dehydrogenase that united with the yellow emperor gene to produce a new protein.^[2] The new amino acid residues that it recruited from yellow emperor allow the new protein to act on long chain alcohols and diols, including growth hormones and pheremones.^[3] These changes affect fly development. In this case, the combination of different protein domains resulted in a gene that was fully functional and favored by selection.

The functions of many chimeric genes are not yet known. In some cases these gene products are not beneficial and they may even cause diseases such as cancer.

References

^ ^a ^b Rogers, RL, Bedford, T and Hartl DL. "Formation and Longevity of Chimeric and Duplicat Genes in Drosphila". Genetics. 181: 313-322.
^ ^a ^b Long, M., C. H. Langley 1993. "Natural selection and the origin of jingwei, a chimeric processed functional gene in Drosophila." Science 260: 91-95.
^ Zhang J, Dean AM, Brunet F, Long M. 2004. "Evolving protein functional diversity in new genes of Drosophila." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 16246-50.

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English Journal

Engineered chimeric peptides with antimicrobial and titanium-binding functions to inhibit biofilm formation on Ti implants.

Geng H1, Yuan Y2, Adayi A1, Zhang X1, Song X3, Gong L4, Zhang X5, Gao P6.
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cCLIP-Seq: Retrieval of Chimeric Reads from HITS-CLIP (CLIP-Seq) Libraries.

Alexiou P1, Maragkakis M2, Mourelatos Z2, Vourekas A3.
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Construction of protein-functionalized virus-like particles of parvovirus B19.

Bustos-Jaimes I1, Soto-Román RA2, Gutiérrez-Landa IA2, Valadez-García J2, Segovia-Trinidad CL2.
Journal of biotechnology.J Biotechnol.2017 Dec 10;263:55-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.09.014. Epub 2017 Sep 19.
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Japanese Journal

症例報告第169回日本血液学会例会:臼杵憲祐例会長推薦演題好中球にBCR-ABL1キメラ遺伝子が検出された混合型急性リンパ性白血病

永澤英子,中村幸嗣,鴇田勝哉 [他]
臨床血液 54(11), 2074-2078, 2013-11
NAID 40019892502

免疫遺伝子治療の展望 (特集変貌するがん免疫療法)

影山愼一
腫瘍内科 12(2), 143-149, 2013-08
NAID 40019798730

Genetic instability of constitutive acid phosphatase in shochu and sake yeast(BREWING AND FOOD TECHNOLOGY)

Takashita Hideharu,Kajiwara Yasuhiro,Shimoda Masahiko,Matsuoka Masayoshi,Ogawa Takahira,Ono Kazuhisa
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 116(1), 71-78, 2013-07
… Genetic analysis showed that the cAPase-negative phenotype was associated with a single mutation in the PHO3 gene and that the Ko strain had heteroallelic PHO3/pho3 genes, while the PHO3^- mutants had the homoallelic pho3/pho3 defect. … In all cases, the pho3-defective genes were generated by deletion of an approximately 1.9 kb region between the PHOS-PHO3 tandem genes on chromosome II, resulting in chimeric PHO5/3 fusion genes with different fusion points. …
NAID 110009634748