| Cetylpyridinium chloride |
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IUPAC name
1-Hexadecylpyridinium chloride
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Other names
Acetoquat CPC;
Pyrisept EXADECYL-PYRIDINIUM, CHLORIDE
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| Identifiers |
| CAS number |
123-03-5 Y, 6004-24-6 (monohydrate) |
| PubChem |
31239 |
| ChemSpider |
28979 Y |
| UNII |
6BR7T22E2S Y |
| ChEBI |
CHEBI:32915 Y |
| ChEMBL |
CHEMBL34833 Y |
| ATC code |
B05CA01, D08AJ03,
D09AA07 (dressing), R02AA06 |
| Beilstein Reference |
3578606 |
| Jmol-3D images |
Image 1 |
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[Cl-].[n+]1(ccccc1)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
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InChI=1S/C21H38N.ClH/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-19-22-20-17-15-18-21-22;/h15,17-18,20-21H,2-14,16,19H2,1H3;1H/q+1;/p-1 Y
Key: YMKDRGPMQRFJGP-UHFFFAOYSA-M Y
InChI=1/C21H38N.ClH/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-16-19-22-20-17-15-18-21-22;/h15,17-18,20-21H,2-14,16,19H2,1H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
Key: YMKDRGPMQRFJGP-REWHXWOFAU
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| Properties |
| Molecular formula |
C21H38ClN |
| Molar mass |
339.99 g mol−1 |
| Appearance |
solid |
| Melting point |
77 °C; 171 °F; 350 K |
| Hazards |
| LD50 |
36 mg/kg (rabbit, iv)[1]
400 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)[1]
6 mg/kg (rat, ip)[1]
30 mg/kg (rat, iv)[1]
200 mg/kg (rat, oral)[1]
250 mg/kg (rat, sc)[1]
10 mg/kg (mouse, ip)[1]
108 mg/kg (mouse, oral)[1] |
Y (verify) (what is: Y/N?)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C or 77 °F, 100 kPa) |
| Infobox references |
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a cationic quaternary ammonium compound in some types of mouthwashes, toothpastes, lozenges, throat sprays, breath sprays, and nasal sprays. It is an antiseptic that kills bacteria and other microorganisms. It has been shown to be effective in preventing dental plaque and reducing gingivitis.[2] It has also been used as an ingredient in certain pesticides. Cetylpyridinium chloride may cause brown stains between the teeth and on the surface of teeth.[3][4] However, these stains can be easily removed by a dental hygienist during a routine check-up.[3][4]
Contents
- 1 Synonyms
- 2 Physical and chemical properties
- 3 Toxicology and pharmacology
- 4 Use in over-the-counter drugs
- 5 Compendial status
- 6 See also
- 7 Notes
- 8 External links
Synonyms[edit]
Cetylpyridinium chloride is present in commercial products such as 1-palmitylpyridinium chloride, C16-alkylpyridinium chloride, 1-hexadecylpyridinium chloride, acetoquat CPC, aktivex, ammonyx CPC, cecure, ceepryn chloride, cepacol, ceprim, cepacol chloride, cetafilm, cetamium, dobendan, halset, ipanol, medilave, mercocet, merothol, pionin B, pristacin, pyrisept, and asept.
Physical and chemical properties[edit]
Cetylpyridinium chloride has the molecular formula C21H38NCl and at its pure form is in a solid state at room temperature. It has a melting point of 77 °C when anhydrous or 80–83 °C in its monohydrate form. It is insoluble in acetone, acetic acid, or ethanol. It has a pyridine-like odor. It is combustible. Concentrated solutions are destructive to mucous membranes. Its critical micelle concentration (CMC) is 0.00012M,[5] and is strongly dependent on the salt concentration of the solution.
In some products, cetylpyridinium bromide is used instead. Its properties are virtually identical.
Toxicology and pharmacology[edit]
With intravenous infusion as the delivery mechanism, the LD50 of cetylpyridinium chloride has been measured at 30 mg/kg in rats and 36 mg/kg in rabbits. Conversely, with oral administration LD50 levels are higher, having been measured at 200 mg/kg in rats, 400 mg/kg in rabbits, and 108 mg/kg in mice.[6]
Use in over-the-counter drugs[edit]
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|
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (April 2013) |
OTC products containing cetylpyridinium chloride include oral wash, oral rinse, as well as ingestable products (e.g. CPC lozenges).[7] In addition, cough syrups containing CPC are also available as OTC medications.[8]
The FDA monograph on oral antiseptic drug products reviewed the data regarding CPC and concluded the following: “The agency believes that the information contained in its adverse reaction files, 30 years of safe marketing of an OTC mouthwash containing cetylpyridinium chloride (NDA 14- 598), and the safety data evaluated by the Oral Cavity Panel are sufficient to conclude that 0.025 to 0.1 percent cetylpyridinium chloride is safe as an OTC oral antiseptic when labeled for short-term use (not to exceed 7 days).”[9]
In addition, the National Library of Medicine Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET) reviewed the range of toxicity of CPC, and stated that, “Significant toxicity is rare after exposure to low concentration products that are typically available in the home.”[10]
The fatal dose in humans ingesting cationic detergents has been estimated to be 1 to 3 g.[10] Therefore, a person using a typical oral ingestible product that provides 0.25 mg CPC per dose will need to take 4000 doses at one time before they would be in the estimated fatal dose range.
A review of clinical studies on cetylpyridinium chloride, published in the International Journal on Dental Hygiene, found that mouthwashes containing CPC "provide a small but significant additional benefit when compared with toothbrushing only or toothbrushing followed by a placebo rinse" in reducing plaque and gingivitis-inflammation.[11]
Compendial status[edit]
- Food Chemicals Codex [12]
- United States Pharmacopeia 31 [13]
- British Pharmacopoeia 1998 [14]
See also[edit]
- Mouthwash
- Oral-B
- Chlorhexidine
- Triclosan
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Lewis, Richard J. (1996). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials (9th ed.). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 691.
- ^ Asadoorian, Joanna (2008). "Cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinse on gingivitis and plaque". Journal of Dental Hygiene.
- ^ a b "Tooth Discoloration: Causes and Treatments".
- ^ a b "Tooth Discoloration : Article by Jonathan A Ship, DMD".
- ^ http://www.applichem.com/en/shop/product-detail/as/cetylpyridiniumchlorid-monohydrat-ibiochemicai/?getspecpdf=1
- ^ Lewis, R.J (1996). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials 1–3 (9th ed.). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 691.
- ^ at least 125 OTC oral healthcare products containing CPC (as of September 2012)
- ^ For example, Kilcof Cough Mixture
- ^ FDA monograph on oral antiseptic drug products, page 6094
- ^ a b National Library of Medicine Toxicology Data Network
- ^ http://www.laboral.info/site/files/VG%20A9.PDF
- ^ The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. "Revisions to FCC, First Supplement". Retrieved 8 July 2009.
- ^ USP 31. "<1121> Nomenclature". Retrieved 8 July 2009.
- ^ Therapeutic Goods Administration. "Chemical Substances". Retrieved 8 July 2009.
External links[edit]
- Material Safety Data Sheet
- Chemical Information
- Sheen, S; Addy, M (2003). "An in vitro evaluation of the availability of cetylpyridinium chloride and chlorhexidine in some commercially available mouthrinse products". British Dental Journal 194 (4): 207–10; discussion 203. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4809913. PMID 12627199.
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Antiseptics and disinfectants (D08)
|
|
| Acridine derivatives |
- Ethacridine lactate
- 9-Aminoacridine
- Euflavine
|
|
| Biguanides and amidines |
- Dibrompropamidine
- Chlorhexidine#
- Propamidine
- Hexamidine
- Polihexanide
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|
| Phenol and derivatives |
- Hexachlorophene
- Policresulen
- Phenol
- Triclosan
- Chloroxylenol#
- Biphenylol
- Fenticlor
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|
| Nitrofuran derivatives |
|
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| Iodine products |
- Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether
- Povidone-iodine#
- Diiodohydroxypropane
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|
| Quinoline derivatives |
- Dequalinium
- Chlorquinaldol
- Oxyquinoline
- Clioquinol
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|
| Quaternary ammonium compounds |
- Benzalkonium
- Benzethonium chloride
- Cetrimonium (bromide/chloride)
- Cetylpyridinium
- Cetrimide
- Benzoxonium chloride
- Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
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|
| Mercurial products |
- Mercuric amidochloride
- Phenylmercuric borate
- Mercuric chloride
- Merbromin
- Thiomersal
- Mercuric iodide
|
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| Silver compounds |
|
|
| Alcohols |
- Propanol (propyl alcohol)
- Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol)
- Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)#
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| Other |
- Potassium permanganate
- Sodium hypochlorite
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Eosin
- Tosylchloramide
- Octenidine dihydrochloride
|
|
- #WHO-EM
- ‡Withdrawn from market
- Clinical trials:
- †Phase III
- §Never to phase III
|
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noco (i/b/d/q/u/r/p/m/k/v/f)/cong/tumr (n/e/d), sysi/epon
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proc, drug (D2/3/4/5/8/11)
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|
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|
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Medicated dressings (D09)
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|
Ointment dressings
with anti-infectives |
- Aluminium chlorohydrate
- Benzalkonium
- Benzododecinium
- Cetylpyridinium
- Chlorhexidine
- Clioquinol
- Framycetin
- Fusidic acid
- Iodoform
- Nitrofural
- Phenylmercuric nitrate
- Povidone-iodine
- Triclosan
|
|
| Other |
- Soft paraffin dressings
- Zinc bandages
|
|
|
Throat preparations (R02)
|
|
| Antiseptics |
- Acriflavinium chloride
- Ambazone
- Benzalkonium
- Benzethonium
- Cetrimonium (bromide/chloride)
- Cetylpyridinium
- Chlorhexidine
- Chlorquinaldol
- Dequalinium
- Dichlorobenzyl alcohol
- Hexamidine
- Hexylresorcinol
- Myristyl-benzalkonium
- Oxyquinoline
- Phenol
- Povidone-iodine
|
|
| Antibiotics |
- Bacitracin
- Fusafungine
- Gramicidin
- Neomycin
- Tyrothricin
|
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| Local anesthetics |
- Benzocaine
- Cocaine
- Dyclonine
- Lidocaine
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| Other |
|
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anat (n, x, l, c)/phys/devp
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noco (c, p)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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proc, drug (R1/2/3/5/6/7)
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