WordNet

a graded change in the magnitude of some physical quantity or dimension
the property possessed by a line or surface that departs from the horizontal; "a five-degree gradient" (同)slope
a soft silver-white ductile metallic element (liquid at normal temperatures); the most electropositive and alkaline metal (同)caesium, Cs, atomic number 55
any compound containing a chlorine atom
any salt of hydrochloric acid (containing the chloride ion)
the process of separating substances of different densities by the use of a centrifuge
the amount per unit size (同)denseness

PrepTutorEJDIC

(道路・鉄道などの)勾配(こうばい),傾斜度,グラジエント・斜面
セシウム金属元素;化学記号は『Cs』)
塩化物
〈U〉『密集』;『密度』,濃さ / 〈U〉〈C〉(物質の)密度,濃度,比重 / 〈U〉《話》頭の鈍さ,愚鈍さ

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1. 好中球減少症および好中球機能不全の検査での評価 laboratory evaluation of neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction
2. バーター症候群およびギテルマン症候群 bartter and gitelman syndromes
3. 成人における低カリウム血症の原因 causes of hypokalemia in adults
4. 代謝性アルカローシスの臨床症状および評価 clinical manifestations and evaluation of metabolic alkalosis
5. 嚢胞性線維症：臨床症状および診断 cystic fibrosis clinical manifestations and diagnosis

English Journal

Impact of the virus purification protocol on aggregation and electrokinetics of MS2 phages and corresponding virus-like particles.

Dika C1, Gantzer C, Perrin A, Duval JF.Author information 1Université de Lorraine, LCPME (Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement), UMR 7564, Nancy, France.AbstractPrevious experimental and theoretical studies have established that electrokinetic and aggregation properties of soft MS2 phages are not only governed by the physico-chemical features of their proteinaceous outer surface but are also significantly impacted by those of their inner RNA component (Dika et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2011, 14, 4939-4948). These conclusions contradict the recent findings of Nguyen et al. (Soft Matter, 2011, 7, 10449-10456) who reported identical electrokinetic and aggregation characteristics for MS2 and corresponding virus like particles (VLPs) that lack the internal RNA component. We demonstrate here that this contradiction originates from the different purification methods adopted prior to measurements. More generally, we show that stability and electrohydrodynamics of viruses differ according to purification by (i) dialysis, (ii) isopycnic centrifugation in the cesium chloride gradient, and (iii) precipitation using polyethylene glycol (PEG). Methods (i) and (iii) lead to aggregation of MS2 phages at pH ≤ 4 and pH ≤ 6 in 1-100 mM NaNO3 solutions, respectively, while under such conditions aggregation is not observed for MS2 and VLP suspensions prepared according to (ii). In addition, VLPs prepared following methods (i) and (iii) aggregate only at the isoelectric point (pH ~ 3-4) in 1 mM NaNO3 solution. Electrophoretic mobility data of stable MS2 and VLP particles were further examined using a recent formalism for electrokinetics of soft multilayered colloids. The analysis qualitatively shows how the purification protocol may affect either the outer particle surface properties and/or the inner particle content. Finally, the non-DLVO aggregation behavior of MS2 and VLPs purified via the above protocols is discussed in terms of the possible change in corresponding interparticular interactions.
Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.Phys Chem Chem Phys.2013 Apr 21;15(15):5691-700. doi: 10.1039/c3cp44128h.
Previous experimental and theoretical studies have established that electrokinetic and aggregation properties of soft MS2 phages are not only governed by the physico-chemical features of their proteinaceous outer surface but are also significantly impacted by those of their inner RNA component (Dika
PMID 23474807

Assembly of a marine viral metagenome after physical fractionation.

Brum JR1, Culley AI, Steward GF.Author information 1Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States of America.AbstractMetagenomic analyses of marine viruses generate an overview of viral genes present in a sample, but the percentage of the resulting sequence fragments that can be reassembled is low and the phenotype of the virus from which a given sequence derives is usually unknown. In this study, we employed physical fractionation to characterize the morphological and genomic traits of a subset of uncultivated viruses from a natural marine assemblage. Viruses from Kāne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i were fractionated by equilibrium buoyant density centrifugation in a cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient, and one fraction from the CsCl gradient was then further fractionated by strong anion-exchange chromatography. One of the fractions resulting from this two-dimensional separation appeared to be dominated by only a few virus types based on genome sizes and morphology. Sequences generated from a shotgun clone library of the viruses in this fraction were assembled into significantly more numerous contigs than have been generated with previous metagenomic investigations of whole DNA viral assemblages with comparable sequencing effort. Analysis of the longer contigs (up to 6.5 kb) assembled from our metagenome allowed us to assess gene arrangement in this subset of marine viruses. Our results demonstrate the potential for physical fractionation to facilitate sequence assembly from viral metagenomes and permit linking of morphological and genomic data for uncultivated viruses.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Apr 8;8(4):e60604. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060604. Print 2013.
Metagenomic analyses of marine viruses generate an overview of viral genes present in a sample, but the percentage of the resulting sequence fragments that can be reassembled is low and the phenotype of the virus from which a given sequence derives is usually unknown. In this study, we employed phys
PMID 23580170

A simplified purification method for AAV variant by polyethylene glycol aqueous two-phase partitioning.

Guo P1, Xiao X, El-Gohary Y, Paredes J, Prasadan K, Shiota C, Wiersch J, Welsh C, Gittes GK.Author information 1Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. ping.guo@chp.eduAbstractAdeno-Associated Virus (AAV) has been widely used for in vivo study and preclinical therapy due to its ability to mediate long-term transgene expression, its lack of pathogenicity and low immunogenicity. It has been found that AAV has more than ten serotypes, which each transfect certain types of cells in the viral infected organ. Current methods for purification of different AAV serotypes utilize CsCl or Iodixanol ultrahigh speed density gradient centrifugation, which is expensive and time consuming. We recently developed a simplified method, PEG/(NH(4))(2)SO(4) aqueous two phase partitioning, for purification of AAV serotype 2 and 8. The method does not require ultrahigh speed gradient centrifugation or chromatography. Here we further explore the simplified method for purification of other serotypes of AAV, serotype 6 and 9. This simplified method not only can be used to purify serotype 2 and 8, but also serotype 6 and 9, indicating that a variety of AAV serotypes can be purified by this method.
Bioengineered.Bioengineered.2013 Mar-Apr;4(2):103-6. doi: 10.4161/bioe.22293. Epub 2012 Mar 1.
Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) has been widely used for in vivo study and preclinical therapy due to its ability to mediate long-term transgene expression, its lack of pathogenicity and low immunogenicity. It has been found that AAV has more than ten serotypes, which each transfect certain types of ce
PMID 22992716

Japanese Journal

TO-2細胞を用いた連続無希釈継代培養によって産生されたIPNウイルスDI粒子のポリペプチドとRNA〔英文〕

Lo Chu-Fang [他],Wang Chung-Hsiung,Lin Mau-Shain,Kou Guang-Hsiung
魚病研究 26(3), 119-125, 1991
… Cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation was applied to purify virus particles of diluted and undiluted virus preparations. …
NAID 130000857442

ラムダベクターを用いたイネ遺伝子ライブラリーの作製(農芸化学部門)

田中國介,松井健二
京都府立大學學術報告. 農學 39, 95-101, 1987-11-18
バクテリオファージラムダベクターEMBL 3を用いた遺伝子ライブラリーの作製法を植物のDNAに対して効率が上がるように改変した。核DANはイネ胚芽より調製したが, 制限酵素の基質とするためには, セシウムクロライド平衡密度勾配遠心で精製する必要があった。単離したDNAはMbo Iで部分分解し, 主にFrischaufら(J. Mol. Biol. 170 827 (1983))の方法により, バク …
NAID 110000057840

A novel type of human papilloma virus DNA from the lesion of epidermodysplasia verruciformis.

ADACHI Ayumi,YASUE Hiroshi,OHASHI Masaru,ISHIBASHI Masahide
Ｊａｐａｎｅｓｅ　Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ　ｏｆ　Ｃａｎｃｅｒ　Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ　ＧＡＮＮ 77(10), 978-984, 1986
… Two types of DNAs were clonally purified from the virion fraction which was obtained by the cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation of a homogenate of scrapings from benign lesions of typical epidermodysplasia verruciformis. …
NAID 130003608735