WordNet

a brief treatise on a subject of interest; published in the form of a booklet (同)pamphlet
an extended area of land (同)piece of land, piece of ground, parcel of land, parcel
a system of body parts that together serve some particular purpose
a drawing created by superimposing a semitransparent sheet of paper on the original image and copying on it the lines of the original image (同)trace
the act of drawing a plan or diagram or outline
the discovery and description of the course of development of something; "the tracing of genealogies"

PrepTutorEJDIC

広大な土地(地域),(土地・海・空などの)広がり《+of+名》 / (器官の)管,(神経の)索
(おもに宗教・政治などの宣伝用の)小冊子,パンフレット
跡を追うこと,追跡;透写,複写 / 〈C〉 / 透写(複写)によってできたもの(地図・図案など),透写図

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1. 気腫性尿路感染症 emphysematous urinary tract infections
2. 総胆管損傷の修復 repair of common bile duct injuries
3. 妊娠中の尿路感染症および無症候性細菌尿 urinary tract infections and asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy
4. 腹腔鏡下胆嚢摘出術の合併症の内視鏡マネージメント endoscopic management of complications from laparoscopic cholecystectomy
5. 小児における尿路感染症：疫学および危険因子 urinary tract infections in children epidemiology and risk factors

English Journal

Comparison of cortically and subcortically controlled motor systems. II. Distribution of anterogradely labeled terminal boutons on intracellularly filled rubrospinal neurons in rat and turtle.

Keifer J1, Lustig DG.Author information 1Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, USA. jkeifer@usd.eduAbstractThe present study examined the circuitry of the red nucleus of the Sprague-Dawley rat and the freshwater pond turtle, Chrysemys picta, by using intracellular cell filling combined with anterograde tract tracing. Although both species have a well-developed cerebellorubral system, they differ in that the red nucleus of rats receives direct input from the motor areas of the cerebral cortex, whereas turtles do not. However, a direct descending projection from the hypothalamus to the red nucleus of turtles has been described. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relative functional contributions of the cerebellum and descending inputs to motor signal generation in the red nucleus. The results show that the cellular distribution of cerebellar inputs on rubrospinal neurons is similar between the rat and turtle; these projections are observed on the soma and the proximal and distal dendrites. In contrast, the hypothalamic inputs in turtles occupy mainly the more distally located dendrites, similar to the position of the cortical inputs in rats. These findings suggest that, first, the cerebellar inputs are not spatially segregated from the cortical or hypothalamic inputs in rats or turtles, as far as can be determined by light microscopy. Second, there is specificity of input from the cortex in rats and hypothalamus in turtles onto the distal portions of the dendrites. The similarity in the organizational features of the mammalian and non-mammalian cerebellorubrospinal systems has implications for interpretations of the relative roles of the cerebellum and cerebral cortex in motor control.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2000 Jan 3;416(1):101-11.
The present study examined the circuitry of the red nucleus of the Sprague-Dawley rat and the freshwater pond turtle, Chrysemys picta, by using intracellular cell filling combined with anterograde tract tracing. Although both species have a well-developed cerebellorubral system, they differ in that
PMID 10578105

Anatomy of the turtle cerebellorubral circuit studied in vitro using neurobiotin and biocytin.

Sarrafizadeh R1, Keifer J, Houk JC.Author information 1Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611.AbstractWe have combined the rapid anterograde and retrograde transport of neurobiotin and biocytin with the extended viability of the isolated turtle brainstem-cerebellum to conduct in vitro studies of the chelonian cerebellorubral circuit. Tracers were pressure injected in 15-25 nl quantities and the optimal transport time was 16 h. Tissue sections were incubated with avidin-biotin-HRP complex and reacted with DAB. Retrogradely labeled soma, dendrites and axons, and anterogradely labeled axons and to a lesser extent terminals were visible with both tracers. Red nucleus injections resulted in dense retrograde label in the contralateral lateral cerebellar nucleus and a heavily labeled contralateral rubrospinal tract. Cerebellar nucleus injections revealed light retrograde and dense terminal label in the contralateral red nucleus, together with retrograde label in a cell cluster in the ipsilateral ventrolateral medullary reticular formation, an area we identify as the lateral reticular nucleus. Injections into this medullary region resulted in heavy mossy fiber input to the ipsilateral cerebellum and moderate retrograde label in the contralateral red nucleus. These results identify prominent recurrent projections between the lateral cerebellar nucleus, red nucleus and lateral reticular nucleus, in addition to revealing other features of the cerebellorubral circuit.
Neuroscience letters.Neurosci Lett.1993 Jan 4;149(1):59-62.
We have combined the rapid anterograde and retrograde transport of neurobiotin and biocytin with the extended viability of the isolated turtle brainstem-cerebellum to conduct in vitro studies of the chelonian cerebellorubral circuit. Tracers were pressure injected in 15-25 nl quantities and the opti
PMID 8469381

The cerebellorubral projection in the rat: retrograde anatomical study.

Angaut P, Batini C, Billard JM, Daniel H.AbstractThe cerebellorubral projections have been studied in the rat using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin conjugate. The lateral cerebellar nucleus projects to the parvocellular red nucleus (RN), the anterior (NIA) and posterior (NIP) interposed nuclei project to the magnocellular RN. Whereas the projections from the NIP are limited to the medial aspect of the RN, those from the NIA extend throughout the magnocellular RN. NIA-RN projections are topographically arranged: the medial NIA projects ventrally, the lateral NIA projects dorsally. Functionally, this differential distribution seems to fit the hindlimb-forelimb areas of origin of the rubrospinal tract.
Neuroscience letters.Neurosci Lett.1986 Jul 11;68(1):63-8.
The cerebellorubral projections have been studied in the rat using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin conjugate. The lateral cerebellar nucleus projects to the parvocellular red nucleus (RN), the anterior (NIA) and posterior (NIP) interposed nuclei project to th
PMID 3014399