WordNet

surround with a wall in order to fortify (同)palisade, fence, fence in, surround
a difficult or awkward situation; "his back was to the wall"; "competition was pushing them to the wall"
a layer of material that encloses space; "the walls of the cylinder were perforated"; "the containers walls were blue"
a masonry fence (as around an estate or garden); "the wall followed the road"; "he ducked behind the garden wall and waited"
an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure; "the south wall had a small window"; "the walls were covered with pictures"
(anatomy) a layer (a lining or membrane) that encloses a structure; "stomach walls" (同)paries
a vertical (or almost vertical) smooth rock face (as of a cave or mountain)
anything that suggests a wall in structure or function or effect; "a wall of water"; "a wall of smoke"; "a wall of prejudice"; "negotiations ran into a brick wall"
small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
a long-playing phonograph record; designed to be played at 33.3 rpm (同)L-P
the 12th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)l
an alliance of nations joining together to fight a common enemy

PrepTutorEJDIC

{C}(石・れんがなどの)『壁』,へい / {U}(胃などの)内壁,内側 / {C}(…の)壁[のようなもの]《+of+名》 / …‘を'壁(へい)で囲む / …‘を'壁で仕切る / 〈窓・入り口など〉‘を'壁ぃふさぐ《+up+名,+名+up》
(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
エルピーレコード(1分間331/3回転のレコード;商標名)
lira(イタリアの貨幣単位リラ)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 鎌状細胞貧血における臨床的ばらつき clinical variability in sickle cell anemia
2. サルモネラ胃腸炎の病因 pathogenesis of salmonella gastroenteritis
3. 内皮：プライマー the endothelium a primer
4. 自然免疫系の概要 an overview of the innate immune system
5. 分類不能型低ガンマグロブリン血症の病因 pathogenesis of common variable immunodeficiency

English Journal

LPS Induces Hyper-Permeability of Intestinal Epithelial Cells.

Bein A1, Zilbershtein A2, Golosovsky M2, Davidov D2, Schwartz B3.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2017 Feb;232(2):381-390. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25435. Epub 2016 May 26.
Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe inflammatory disorder leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. A growing body of evidence demonstrate the key role of the Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) in NEC. This membranal receptor recognizes lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the bacterial wall and tri
PMID 27191060

Inflammatory responses of stromal fibroblasts to inflammatory epithelial cells are involved in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis.

Zhang W1, Li X1, Xu T1, Ma M1, Zhang Y2, Gao MQ3.
Experimental cell research.Exp Cell Res.2016 Nov 15;349(1):45-52. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.09.016. Epub 2016 Sep 25.
Hypernomic secretion of epithelial cytokines has several effects on stromal cells. The contributions of inflammatory epithelial cells to stromal fibroblasts in bovine mammary glands with mastitis remain poorly understood. Here, we established an inflammatory epithelial cell model of bovine mastitis
PMID 27680776

SOD3 R213G SNP Blocks Murine Bleomycin-induced Fibrosis and Promotes Resolution of Inflammation.

Mouradian GC Jr1, Gaurav R2, Pugliese S3, El Kasmi K4, Hartman B5, Hernandez-Lagunas L6, Stenmark K7,8, Bowler RP9, Nozik-Grayck E10.
American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology.Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol.2016 Nov 2. [Epub ahead of print]
Loss of extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) contributes to inflammatory and fibrotic lung diseases. The human SOD3 R213G polymorphism decreases matrix binding, redistributing SOD3 from the lung to extracellular fluids and protects against LPS induced alveolar inflammation. We utilized mice exp
PMID 27805412

Japanese Journal

Different activities of antitumor immunomodulators to induce neutrophil adherence response

Tanaka Motoharu,Abe Shigeru
Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics 13(6), 299-305, 2019
… Several bacterial immunomodulators (OK-432, Corynebacterium parvum, B.C.G.) and components of bacteria cell walls (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipid A, lipoteicoic acid, N-cell wall skelton (N-CWS), muramyl dipeptide (MDP)) and fungal polysaccharides (lentinan, zymosan A, etc.) were tested. …
NAID 130007788551

Lipopolysaccharides of Gram-Negative Bacteria: Biosynthesis and Structural Aspects

Ståhle Jonas,Widmalm Göran
Ｔｒｅｎｄｓ　ｉｎ　Ｇｌｙｃｏｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ　ａｎｄ　Ｇｌｙｃｏｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ 31(184), E159-E171, 2019
… Gram-negative bacteria are to a large extent covered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) anchored in the outer leaflet of their outer membrane. … There are presently four described pathways for the O-antigen assembly of LPS, viz., synthase-, Wzk-, ABC-transporter- and Wzx/Wzy-dependent pathways, where the latter two are used in Escherichia coli, subject to the O-antigen polysaccharide to be made. …
NAID 130007751015

グラム陰性菌のリポ多糖：生合成と化学構造

Ståhle Jonas,Widmalm Göran
Ｔｒｅｎｄｓ　ｉｎ　Ｇｌｙｃｏｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ　ａｎｄ　Ｇｌｙｃｏｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ 31(184), J157-J168, 2019
… ほとんどのグラム陰性菌は、外膜の外葉に存在するリポ多糖（LPS）によって覆われている。 … 現在、LPSのO抗原の合成は、シンターゼ、Wzk、ABCトランスポーター、Wzx/Wzy依存的な経路の4経路が報告されている。 …
NAID 130007751013