細胞表面マーカー

WordNet

make or leave a mark on; "the scouts marked the trail"; "ash marked the believers foreheads"
formerly the basic unit of money in Germany (同)German mark, Deutsche Mark, Deutschmark
the impression created by doing something unusual or extraordinary that people notice and remember; "it was in London that he made his mark"; "he left an indelible mark on the American theater"
a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a students performance); "she made good marks in algebra"; "grade A milk"; "what was your score on your homework?" (同)grade, score
a visible indication made on a surface; "some previous reader had covered the pages with dozens of marks"; "paw prints were everywhere" (同)print
a symbol of disgrace or infamy; "And the Lord set a mark upon Cain"--Genesis (同)stigma, brand, stain
a written or printed symbol (as for punctuation); "his answer was just a punctuation mark"
designate as if by a mark; "This sign marks the border"
on the surface; "surface materials of the moon"
the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary; "there is a special cleaner for these surfaces"; "the cloth had a pattern of red dots on a white surface"
the outermost level of the land or sea; "earthquakes originate far below the surface"; "three quarters of the Earths surface is covered by water" (同)Earth''s surface
a superficial aspect as opposed to the real nature of something; "it was not what it appeared to be on the surface"
the extended two-dimensional outer boundary of a three-dimensional object; "they skimmed over the surface of the water"; "a brush small enough to clean every dental surface"; "the sun has no distinct surface"
come to the surface (同)come_up, rise up, rise
small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
a writing implement for making a mark
some conspicuous object used to distinguish or mark something; "the buoys were markers for the channel"
a distinguishing symbol; "the owners mark was on all the sheep" (同)marking, mark
emerging to the surface and becoming apparent

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(…の表面についた)『跡』,汚れ,はん点《+『on』+『名』》 / 〈C〉『印』,記号,符号,標章 / 〈C〉《おもに英》(学業などの)『点数』,成績,評価,(…の)得点《+『in』(『for』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(ある性質の)『徴候』,『特徴』,現れ,様相《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(思想・生活などに及ぼす)『影響』,感化《+『on』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(境界などの)位置を示すもの,指標,目印 / 〈C〉『的』,標的 / 〈C〉《the mark》水準,標準 / 〈U〉《文》著名,重要性;名声 / 〈C〉(軽べつ・もの笑いなどの)対象,的 / 〈U〉《通例M-》武器記号,…型 / 〈C〉スタートライン / (…で)…‘に'『印をつける』,跡をつける《+『名』++『with』+『名』》 / 〈物が〉…‘を'印となっている,‘を'示している / …‘を'印(記号など)で示す / 〈物・事柄などが〉…‘を'『特徴づける』,目立たせる / 〈答案など〉‘に'点(印)をつける / (…の候補に)…‘を'選び出す《+『名』+『out for』+『名』》 / …‘に'注意を払う,柱目する
マルク(ドイツノ貨幣単位;《略》『MK.』)
(物の)表面,外面;水面 / 《比喩的に》『うわべ』,見かけ / 『表面(水面)の,』表面(水面)に関する / 《比喩的に》『うわべだけの,』見かけだけの / 陸(水)上輸送の / (沈んでいたものが)表面に浮上する;《話》《おどけて》(寝ていた人が)起きる / (…で)…‘に'表面をつける,〈道路〉‘を'舗装する《+名+with+名》
(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
印をつける人(道具) / (ゲームなどの)採点者 / 目印,目標

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/05 23:41:34」(JST)

wiki en

The cluster of differentiation (cluster of designation) (often abbreviated as CD) is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules providing targets for immunophenotyping of cells. In terms of physiology, CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptors or ligands (the molecule that activates a receptor) important to the cell. A signal cascade is usually initiated, altering the behavior of the cell (see cell signaling). Some CD proteins do not play a role in cell signaling, but have other functions, such as cell adhesion. CD for humans is numbered up to 350 most recently (as of 2009^[update]).^[1]^[2]

Nomenclature[edit source | edit]

The CD nomenclature was proposed and established in the 1st International Workshop and Conference on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens (HLDA), which was held in Paris in 1982.^[3]^[4] This system was intended for the classification of the many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated by different laboratories around the world against epitopes on the surface molecules of leukocytes (white blood cells). Since then, its use has expanded to many other cell types, and more than 320 CD unique clusters and subclusters have been identified. The proposed surface molecule is assigned a CD number once two specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are shown to bind to the molecule. If the molecule has not been well-characterized, or has only one mAb, it is usually given the provisional indicator "w" (as in "CDw186").

Cell populations are usually defined using a '+' or a '-' symbol to indicate whether a certain cell fraction expresses or lacks a CD molecule. For example, a "CD34+, CD31-" cell is one that expresses CD34, but not CD31. This CD combination typically corresponds to a stem cell, as opposed to a fully differentiated endothelial cell. Some cell populations can also be defined as ^hi, ^mid or ^low(alternatively ^bright, ^mid or ^dim), indicating an overall variability in CD expression, particularly when compared to other cells being studied. A review of the development of T cells in the thymus uses this nomenclature to identify cells transitioning from CD4^mid/CD8^mid double positive cells to CD4^hi/CD8^mid.^[5]

Immunophenotyping[edit source | edit]

Cluster of Differentiation

The CD system is commonly used as cell markers in immunophenotyping, allowing cells to be defined based on what molecules are present on their surface. These markers are often used to associate cells with certain immune functions. While using one CD molecule to define populations is uncommon (though a few examples exist), combining markers has allowed for cell types with very specific definitions within the immune system.

CD molecules are utilized in cell sorting using various methods including flow cytometry.

Type of cell	CD markers
stem cells	CD34+, CD31-, CD117
all leukocyte groups	CD45+
Granulocyte	CD45+, CD11b, CD15+, CD24+, CD114+, CD182+^[6]
Monocyte	CD45+, CD14+, CD114+, CD11a, CD11b, CD91+,^[7] CD16+^[8]
T lymphocyte	CD45+, CD3+
T helper cell	CD45+, CD3+, CD4+
T regulatory cell	CD4, CD25, and Foxp3
Cytotoxic T cell	CD45+, CD3+, CD8+
B lymphocyte	CD45+, CD19+ or CD45+, CD20+, CD24+, CD38, CD22
Thrombocyte	CD45+, CD61+
Natural killer cell	CD16+, CD56+, CD3-, CD31, CD30, CD38

Two commonly used CD molecules are CD4 and CD8, which are, in general, used as markers for helper and cytotoxic T cells, respectively. These molecules are defined in combination with CD3+, as some other leukocytes also express these CD molecules (some macrophages express low levels of CD4; dendritic cells express high levels of CD8). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) binds CD4 and a chemokine receptor on the surface of a T helper cell to gain entry. The number of CD4 and CD8 T cells in blood is often used to monitor the progression of HIV infection.

Physiological functions[edit source | edit]

While CD molecules are very useful in defining leukocytes, they are not merely markers on the cell surface. While only a fraction of known CD molecules have been thoroughly characterised, most of them have an important function. In the example of CD4 & CD8, these molecules are critical in antigen recognition. Others (e.g.,CD135) act as cell surface receptors for growth factors.

References[edit source | edit]

^ "HCDM, responsible for HLDA workshop and CD molecules". Human Cell Differentiation Molecules Council (successor to the HLDA Workshops). Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Zola H, Swart B, Banham A, Barry S, Beare A, Bensussan A, Boumsell L, D Buckley C, Bühring HJ, Clark G, Engel P, Fox D, Jin BQ, Macardle PJ, Malavasi F, Mason D, Stockinger H, Yang X. (2007). "CD molecules 2006--human cell differentiation molecules.". J Immunol Methods. 318 (1–2): 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.jim.2006.11.001. PMID 17174972.
^ Bernard A, Boumsell L (1984). "[Human leukocyte differentiation antigens]". Presse Med (in French) 13 (38): 2311–6. PMID 6239187.
^ Fiebig H, Behn I, Gruhn R, Typlt H, Kupper H, Ambrosius H (1984). "Charakterisierung einer Serie von monoklonalen Antikörpern gegen humane T-Zellen" [Characterization of a series of monoclonal antibodies against human T cells]. Allerg Immunol (Leipz) (in German) 30 (4): 242–50. PMID 6240938.
^ Ho IC, Tai TS, Pai SY (February 2009). "GATA3 and the T-cell lineage: essential functions before and after T-helper-2-cell differentiation". Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9 (2): 125–35. doi:10.1038/nri2476. PMC 2998182. PMID 19151747.
^ http://docs.abcam.com/pdf/immunology/cdantigen_poster.pdf
^ http://docs.abcam.com/pdf/immunology/cdantigen_poster.pdf
^ Passlick B, Flieger D, Ziegler-Heitbrock HW (1989). "Identification and characterization of a novel monocyte subpopulation in human peripheral blood". Blood (journal) 74 (7): 2527–2534. PMID 2478233.

External links[edit source | edit]

Molecule search maintained by the Human Cell Differentiation Molecules Council (successor to the HLDA Workshops)
Table of CD Antigens
CD list Protein Reviews On The Web
Yet another list of CD molecules, at PathologyOutlines.com
Wall charts of CD molecules and other cytokines, with colors, arrows from one cell to another, from eBioscience.
Skin Research Center lab Hopital St Louis, Paris (France) Dir. Dr. A. Bensussan

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