パップ剤

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/11/15 09:09:50」(JST)

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Schoolgirls in Britain being shown how to make a poultice, 1942

A poultice, also called cataplasm, is a soft moist mass, often heated and medicated, that is spread on cloth over the skin to treat an aching, inflamed, or painful part of the body. It can be used on wounds such as cuts.

Poultice may also refer to a porous solid filled with solvent used to remove stains from porous stone such as marble or granite.

The word "poultice" comes from the Latin puls, pultes, meaning "porridge".

Types

Some Native Americans used mashed pumpkin or Devil’s club as a poultice.^[1]
In addition to bread and cereals, bran may also be used as a poultice because of its absorbent quality. It is packed into the wound and then covered with a piece of sacking or similar material before being bandaged onto the site of the wound.
There are also many commercial poultices that are ready-made. Some of these may be labeled as "drawing salves".
Ash poultices can cause a chemical burn.^[2]

Inflammation treatment

Linseed flax (Linum usitatissimum) may be used in a poultice for boils, inflammation and wounds.

A poultice is a common treatment used on horses to relieve inflammation. It is usually used on the lower legs, under a stable bandage, to focus treatment on the easily injured tendons in the area. Poultices are sometimes applied as a precautionary measure after the horse has worked hard, such as after a cross-country run, to prevent heat and filling. They are also used to treat abscess wounds, where a build-up of pus needs to be drawn out.

Poultices may also be heated and placed on an area where extra circulation is desired.

Stain removal from decorative stone surfaces

Stone is a porous material which is susceptible to staining. Granite and marble are frequently used in residential construction of bathrooms and kitchens and are susceptible to a variety of stains.

From a chemical standpoint, a porous stone becomes stained when a solution containing a solute penetrates its surface and then evaporates leaving the solid solute behind within the stone. Alternatively, grease may penetrate the porous surface and remain within the stone without evaporating. In either case, the stone will become visibly "stained".

Poultices for removing stains are made from a malleable mass of a porous material (paper, whiting, diatomaceous earth, flour,^[3] limestone^[4]) filled with a solvent which can be applied to the surface of the stone. The solvent used (ammonia, acetone, alcohol, peroxide,^[3] etc.) depends on what substance caused the stain. As the solvent penetrates the surface of the porous stone containing the stain, it forms a single continuous solution between the stone and the poultice on the surface. The poultice is kept moist and covered to allow time for the solvent to sufficiently penetrate the stone and dissolve the staining material, be it grease or solute. The solute will then equilibrate by passive diffusion between the stone and the poultice. After an adequate time for this process to occur, the poultice is removed and with it the solution containing a portion of the dissolved solute or "stain". Multiple repetitions of the process will eventually decrease the concentration of the solute or "stain" within the stone until it is invisible or minimally visible.

References

^ Roberts, Margaret. Edible & Medicinal Flowers. Cape Town, South Africa: New Africa Books, 2000. ISBN 0-86486-467-1
^ Morritt AN, Bache SE, Ralston D, Stephenson AJ., Coal ash poultice: an unusual cause of a chemical burn., J Burn Care Res, 2009 Nov-Dec;30(6):1046-7.
^ ^a ^b "How to Remove Spots from Kitchen Countertops".
^ Maintaining Stone Countertops, This Old House, accessed 4-14-2012

English Journal

[Effect of microemulsion technology on release of compounds in Zhitong cataplasm and content variation].

Li XM1, Wang Q, Lan Y, An J, Wang WP, Zhao BC, Wu Q.Author information 1Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.AbstractTo study the varieties of adhesives in gels on the basis of previous studies, dosage of adhesives required for forming of gels by using the single factor design, as well as the drug loading capacity of gels with the adhesiveness and stickiness as the scoring indicators, in order to determine the forming method of analgesic micro-emulsion gel. Subsequently, the improved Franz diffusing cell method was adopted to study the release of water-soluble components and liposoluble components in analgesic gels, with imperatorin and ferulic acid as index components. The results showed that analgesic micro-emulsion gel could promote the release of imperatorin and ferulic acid. Finally, HPLC was used to detect that the loss amount of volatile components in analgesic micro-emulsion gel was 23.13% lower than that in the original analgesic gel. In the experiment, we finally prepared finished products of micro-emulsion gel, discovered that the micro-emulsion technology is helpful to improve the synchronous release of water-soluble components and liposoluble components in prescriptions and can reduce the loss of volatile components.
Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica.Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi.2013 Aug;38(16):2614-7.
To study the varieties of adhesives in gels on the basis of previous studies, dosage of adhesives required for forming of gels by using the single factor design, as well as the drug loading capacity of gels with the adhesiveness and stickiness as the scoring indicators, in order to determine the for
PMID 24228574

[Study on transdermal behavior of Zhitong cataplasm].

Liu CM1, Bai J, Du SY, Lu Y, Li PY.Author information 1School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China. xingchen_lcm@163.comAbstractThe aim of the present research was to study the transdermal absorbability of ferulic acid and imperatorin in Zhitong cataplasm. Using methanol to extract the effective components, HPLC was established to determine drug content in Zhitong cataplasm. The excised abdominal skin of nude rats was used as the permeation model Utilizing the modified Franz diffusion cell, the suitable receiving solution was elected. The contents of ferulic acid and imperatorin in Zhitong cataplasm were 455.10, 371.66 microg x g(-1), respectively. Taken 20% ethanol- PBS (pH 8) as receiving solution, ferulic acid and imperatorin could be detected maximize, with the steady-state infiltration rates of 1.29, 0.15 microg x h(-1) x cm(-2), respectively. After 24 h, their penetration quantities were 30.03, 3.31 microg x cm(-2), with the penetration rates of 41.45%, 5.60%, respectively. The residual quantities of ferulic acid and imperatorin in skin were 0.69, 2.60 microg x cm(-2), with the retention rates of 0.95%, 4.40%, respectively. The in vitro transdermal behavior of ferulic acid in Zhitong cataplasm was close to a zero-order process, with the stratum corneum playing a rate-limiting role; whereas the percutaneous behavior of imperatorin was closer to Higuchi model, where diffusion played an important role in drugs permeation.
Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica.Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi.2013 Aug;38(16):2609-13.
The aim of the present research was to study the transdermal absorbability of ferulic acid and imperatorin in Zhitong cataplasm. Using methanol to extract the effective components, HPLC was established to determine drug content in Zhitong cataplasm. The excised abdominal skin of nude rats was used a
PMID 24228573

[Study on transdermal characteristics of compound Nanxing pain-relieving cataplasm and effects of gaultherolin in prescriptions].

Li Y1, Du SY, Lu Y, Bai J, Wang YZ, Wang Y, Xing YS, Xiao W.Author information 1Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China. lysole@126.comAbstractOBJECTIVE: To study transdermal absorption characteristics of eugenol in compound Nanxing pain-relieving cataplasm, and discuss the effect of gaultherolin on the transdermal absorption of the cataplasm.
Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica.Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi.2013 Aug;38(16):2601-4.
OBJECTIVE: To study transdermal absorption characteristics of eugenol in compound Nanxing pain-relieving cataplasm, and discuss the effect of gaultherolin on the transdermal absorption of the cataplasm.METHOD: The improved franz diffusing cell was adopted with hairless mice skins as transdermal carr
PMID 24228571