cartilage bone

　

WordNet

1. any bone that develops within cartilage rather than a fibrous tissue
2. remove the bones from; "bone the turkey before roasting it" (同)debone
3. the porous calcified substance from which bones are made (同)osseous_tissue
4. consisting of or made up of bone; "a bony substance"; "the bony framework of the body"
5. a shade of white the color of bleached bones (同)ivory, pearl, off-white
6. rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates (同)os
7. having bones as specified; "his lanky long-boned body"
8. having had the bones removed; "a boneless rib roast"; "a boned (or deboned) fish" (同)deboned
9. a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance (同)castanets, clappers, finger cymbals
10. tough elastic tissue; mostly converted to bone in adults (同)gristle

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉骨 / 〈U〉骨を作っている物質,骨質 / 《複数形で》骨格;死骸(がい) / 〈魚など〉‘の'骨を取る
2. (魚など)骨を取り除いた / (衣服が)(コルセットなどで)骨で張りをつけた[ような]
3. 軟骨[組織]

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/03 12:40:50」(JST)

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Endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification shown progressing from normal chondrocytes (top) to degenerating ones, characteristically displaying a calcified matrix, (bottom).

Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike intramembranous ossification, which is the other process by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is present during endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification is also an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones, the growth of the length of long bones, and the natural healing of bone fractures.

Growth of the cartilage model

The cartilage model will grow in length by continuous cell division of chondrocytes, which is accompanied by further secretion of extracellular matrix. This is called interstitial growth. The process of appositional growth occurs when the cartilage model also grows in thickness due to the addition of more extracellular matrix on the peripheral cartilage surface, which is accompanied by new chondroblasts that develop from the perichondrium.

Primary center of ossification

The first site of ossification occurs in the primary center of ossification, which is in the middle of diaphysis (shaft). Then:

1. Formation of periosteum

   The perichondrium becomes the periosteum. The periosteum contains a layer of undifferentiated cells (osteoprogenitor cells) which later become osteoblasts.

2. Formation of bone collar

   The osteoblasts secrete osteoid against the shaft of the cartilage model (Appositional Growth). This serves as support for the new bone.

3. Calcification of matrix

   Chondrocytes in the primary center of ossification begin to grow (hypertrophy). They stop secreting collagen and other proteoglycans and begin secreting alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme essential for mineral deposition. Then calcification of the matrix occurs and osteoprogenitor cells that entered the cavity via the periosteal bud, use the calcified matrix as a scaffold and begin to secrete osteoid, which forms the bone trabecula. Osteoclasts, formed from macrophages, break down spongy bone to form the medullary (bone marrow) cavity.

Secondary center of ossification

About the time of birth in mammals, a secondary ossification center appears in each end (epiphysis) of long bones. Periosteal buds carry mesenchyme and blood vessels in and the process is similar to that occurring in a primary ossification center. The cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal plate, and it continues to form new cartilage, which is replaced by bone, a process that results in an increase in length of the bone. Growth continues until the individual is about 20 years old or until the cartilage in the plate is replaced by bone. The point of union of the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal line.

Appositional bone growth

The growth in diameter of bones around the diaphysis occurs by deposition of bone beneath the periosteum. Osteoclasts in the interior cavity continue to degrade bone until its ultimate thickness is achieved, at which point the rate of formation on the outside and degradation from the inside is constant.

Histology

Drawing of part of a longitudinal section of the developing femur of a rabbit. a. Flattened cartilage cells. b. Enlarged cartilage cells. c, d. Newly formed bone. e. Osteoblasts. f. Giant cells or osteoclasts. g, h. Shrunken cartilage cells. (From “Atlas of Histology,” Klein and Noble Smith.)

During endochondral ossification, five distinct zones can be seen at the light-microscope level.

Name	Definition
Zone of resting cartilage	This zone contains normal, resting hyaline cartilage.
Zone of proliferation / cell columns	In this zone, chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis, forming distinctive looking stacks.
Zone of maturation / hypertrophy	In this zone, the chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy (become enlarged). Chondrocytes contain large amounts of glycogen and begin to secrete alkaline phosphatase.
Zone of calcification	In this zone, chondrocytes are either dying or dead, leaving cavities that will later become invaded by bone-forming cells. Chondrocytes here die when they can no longer receive nutrients or eliminate wastes via diffusion. This is because the calcified matrix is much less hydrated than hyaline cartilage.
Zone of ossification	Osteoprogenitor cells invade the area and differentiate into osteoblasts, which elaborate matrix that becomes calcified on the surface of calcified cartilage. This is followed by resorption of the calcified cartilage/calcified bone complex.

Section of fetal bone of cat. ir. Irruption of the subperiosteal tissue. p. Fibrous layer of the periosteum. o. Layer of osteoblasts. im. Subperiosteal bony deposit. (From Quain’s “Anatomy,” E. A. Schäfer.)

Fracture healing

During fracture healing, cartilage is often formed and is called callus. This cartilage ultimately develops into new bone tissue through the process of endochondral ossification.

References

See also

• Intramembranous ossification
• Ossification

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English Journal

• Collagen catabolism through Coll2-1 and Coll2-1NO2 and myeloperoxidase activity in marathon runners.

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• Lo WC, Chen WH, Lin TC, Hwang SM, Zeng R, Hsu WC, Chiang YM, Liu MC, Williams DF, Deng WP.SourceDepartment of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
• Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2013 Jul;34(20):4739-48. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.016. Epub 2013 Apr 1.
• Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common rheumatic disease associated with imbalanced cartilage homeostasis which could be corrected by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy. However, MSCs from different origins might exhibit distinct differentiation capacities. This study was undertaken to compare the thera
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Japanese Journal

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• 日本整形外科学会雑誌 89(11), 943-958, 2015-11
• NAID 40020675876

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「置換骨」
関連記事	「bone」

「置換骨」

　　[★]

英

cartilage bone, replacement bone

ラ

os cartilagineum

同

一次骨 primary bone、軟骨性骨 endochondral bone

関

骨形成、骨化、軟骨内骨化

「bone」

　　[★] 骨