同: CC14

WordNet

an abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element occurring in three allotropic forms: amorphous carbon and graphite and diamond; occurs in all organic compounds (同)C, atomic number 6
a copy made with carbon paper (同)carbon_copy
the physiological state produced by a poison or other toxic substance (同)toxic condition, intoxication
the act of giving poison to a person or animal with the intent to kill
any compound that contains four chlorine atoms per molecule

PrepTutorEJDIC

『炭素』(化学記号は『C』) / 〈C〉炭素棒 / 〈C〉《時に〈U〉》=carbon paper

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/02 16:17:51」(JST)

wiki en

Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (the most notable being tetrachloromethane (also recognized by the IUPAC), carbon tet in the cleaning industry, Halon-104 in firefighting and Refrigerant-10 in HVACR), is the organic compound with the chemical formula CCl₄. It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants, and as a cleaning agent. It is a colourless liquid with a "sweet" smell that can be detected at low levels.

History and synthesis

Carbon tetrachloride was originally synthesized by the French chemist Henri Victor Regnault in 1839 by the reaction of chloroform with chlorine,^[3] but now it is mainly produced from methane:

CH₄ + 4 Cl₂ → CCl₄ + 4 HCl

The production often utilizes by-products of other chlorination reactions, such as from the syntheses of dichloromethane and chloroform. Higher chlorocarbons are also subjected to "chlorinolysis":

C₂Cl₆ + Cl₂ → 2 CCl₄

Prior to the 1950s, carbon tetrachloride was manufactured by the chlorination of carbon disulfide at 105 to 130 °C:^[4]

CS₂ + 3Cl₂ → CCl₄ + S₂Cl₂

The production of carbon tetrachloride has steeply declined since the 1980s due to environmental concerns and the decreased demand for CFCs, which were derived from carbon tetrachloride. In 1992, production in the U.S.-Europe-Japan was estimated at 720,000 tonnes.^[4]

Properties

In the carbon tetrachloride molecule, four chlorine atoms are positioned symmetrically as corners in a tetrahedral configuration joined to a central carbon atom by single covalent bonds. Because of this symmetrical geometry, CCl₄ is non-polar. Methane gas has the same structure, making carbon tetrachloride a halomethane. As a solvent, it is well suited to dissolving other non-polar compounds, fats, and oils. It can also dissolve iodine. It is somewhat volatile, giving off vapors with a smell characteristic of other chlorinated solvents, somewhat similar to the tetrachloroethylene smell reminiscent of dry cleaners' shops.

Solid tetrachloromethane has 2 polymorphs: crystalline II below −47.5 °C (225.6 K) and crystalline I above −47.5 °C.^[5]

At −47.3 °C it has monoclinic crystal structure with space group C2/c and lattice constants a = 20.3, b = 11.6, c = 19.9 (.10⁻¹ nm), β = 111°.^[6] With a specific gravity greater than 1, carbon tetrachloride will be present as a dense nonaqueous phase liquid if sufficient quantities are spilled in the environment.

Uses

Historically, carbon tetrachloride was used for a variety of purposes. However, once it became apparent that carbon tetrachloride exposure had severe adverse health effects, such as causing fulminant hepatic necrosis, safer alternatives such as tetrachloroethylene were found for these applications, and its use in these roles declined from about 1940 onward. Carbon tetrachloride persisted as a pesticide to kill insects in stored grain, but in 1970 it was banned in consumer products in the United States.

Prior to the Montreal Protocol, large quantities of carbon tetrachloride were used to produce the chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants R-11 (trichlorofluoromethane) and R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane). However, these refrigerants play a role in ozone depletion and have been phased out. Carbon tetrachloride is still used to manufacture less destructive refrigerants. Carbon tetrachloride has also been used in the detection of neutrinos.

Current uses

Carbon tetrachloride is one of the most potent hepatotoxins (toxic to the liver), and is widely used in scientific research to evaluate hepatoprotective agents.^[7]^[8]

Carbon tetrachloride has practically no flammability at lower temperatures. Under high temperatures in air, it forms poisonous phosgene. In organic chemistry, carbon tetrachloride serves as a source of chlorine in the Appel reaction.

Because it has no C-H bonds, carbon tetrachloride does not easily undergo free-radical reactions. Hence, it is a useful solvent for halogenations either by the elemental halogen or by a halogenation reagent such as N-bromosuccinimide (these conditions are known as Wohl-Ziegler Bromination).

It is used as a solvent in synthetic chemistry research, but, because of its adverse health effects, it is no longer commonly used, and in general chemists try to replace it with other solvents.^[7] It is sometimes useful as a solvent for infrared spectroscopy, because there are no significant absorption bands > 1600 cm⁻¹. Because carbon tetrachloride does not have any hydrogen atoms, it was historically used in proton NMR spectroscopy. However, carbon tetrachloride is toxic, and its dissolving power is low.^[9] Its use has been largely superseded by deuterated solvents. Use of carbon tetrachloride in determination of oil has been replaced by various other solvents, such as tetrachloroethylene.^[7]

Historical uses

A brass, Pyrene carbon-tetrachloride, fire extinguisher.

In 1910, The Pyrene Manufacturing Company of Delaware filed a patent to use carbon tetrachloride to extinguish fires.^[10] The liquid vaporized and extinguished the flames by inhibiting the chemical chain reaction of the combustion process (it was an early 20th-century presupposition that the fire suppression ability of carbon tetrachloride relied on oxygen removal.) In 1911, they patented a small, portable extinguisher that used the chemical.^[11] This consisted of a brass bottle with an integrated handpump that was used to expel a jet of liquid toward the fire. As the container was unpressurized, it could be easily refilled after use.^[12] Carbon tetrachloride was suitable for liquid and electrical fires and the extinguishers were often carried on aircraft or motor vehicles.

A formerly common form of fire extinguishers consisted of a glass globe, known as a "fire grenades", and were filled with either carbon tetrachloride or salt-water. It was intended that the bulb simply be thrown at the base of the flames.

A glass globe "fire grenade"

Carbon tetrachloride was widely used as a dry cleaning solvent, as a refrigerant, and in lava lamps.^[13]

One specialty use of carbon tetrachloride was in stamp collecting, to reveal watermarks on postage stamps without damaging them. A small amount of the liquid was placed on the back of a stamp, sitting in a black glass or obsidian tray. The letters or design of the watermark could then be clearly seen.

Safety

Time-series of atmospheric concentrations of CCl₄ (Walker et al., 2000).

Exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride (including vapor) can affect the central nervous system, degenerate the liver^[8] and kidneys^[14] and may result (after prolonged exposure) in coma and even death.^[15] Chronic exposure to carbon tetrachloride can cause liver^[16]^[17] and kidney damage and could result in cancer.^[18] See safety data sheets.^[19]

In 2008, a study of common cleaning products found the presence of carbon tetrachloride in "very high concentrations" (up to 101 mg/m³) as a result of manufacturers' mixing of surfactants or soap with sodium hypochlorite (bleach).^[20]

Like many other volatile substances, carbon tetrachloride is prone to misuse by inhalation, due to its possible depressant and/or dissociative effect upon the central nervous system. Use of carbon tetrachloride in this manner presents serious health risks, and may result in toxic effects described above.

Carbon tetrachloride is also both ozone-depleting^[21] and a greenhouse gas.^[22] However, since 1992^[23] its atmospheric concentrations have been in decline for the reasons described above (see also the atmospheric time-series figure). CCl₄ has an atmospheric lifetime of 85 years.^[24]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0107". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ^a ^b "Carbon tetrachloride". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ V. Regnault (1839) "Sur les chlorures de carbone CCl et CCl²" (On the chlorides of carbon CCl and CCl² ), Annales de Chimie et de Physique, vol. 70, pages 104-107. Reprinted in German as: V. Regnault (1839). "Ueber die Chlorverbindungen des Kohlenstoffs, C2Cl2 und CCl2". Annalen der Pharmacie 30 (3): 350–352. doi:10.1002/jlac.18390300310.
^ ^a ^b Manfred Rossberg, Wilhelm Lendle, Gerhard Pfleiderer, Adolf Tögel, Eberhard-Ludwig Dreher, Ernst Langer, Heinz Jaerts, Peter Kleinschmidt, Heinz Strack, Richard Cook, Uwe Beck, Karl-August Lipper, Theodore R. Torkelson, Eckhard Löser, Klaus K. Beutel, "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2
^ Carbon tetrachloride
^ F. Brezina, J. Mollin, R. Pastorek, Z. Sindelar. Chemicke tabulky anorganickych sloucenin (Chemical tables of inorganic compounds). SNTL, 1986.
^ ^a ^b ^c Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories. TemaNord 516/2003.^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b Seifert WF, Bosma A, Brouwer A; Bosma; Brouwer; Hendriks; Roholl; Van Leeuwen; Van Thiel-De Ruiter; Seifert-Bock; Knook; et al. (January 1994). "Vitamin A deficiency potentiates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats". Hepatology 19 (1): 193–201. doi:10.1002/hep.1840190129. PMID 8276355.
^ W. Reusch. "Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy". Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry. Michigan State University. ^{[dead link]}
^ U.S. Patent 1,010,870, filed April 5, 1910.
^ U.S. Patent 1,105,263, filed Jan 7, 1911.
^ "Pyrene Fire Extinguishers". Vintage Fire Extinguishers. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
^ Doherty RE (2000). "A History of the Production and Use of Carbon Tetrachloride, Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in the United States: Part 1—Historical Background; Carbon Tetrachloride and Tetrachloroethylene". Environmental Forensics 1 (1): 69–81. doi:10.1006/enfo.2000.0010.
^ Liu KX, Kato Y, Yamazaki M, Higuchi O, Nakamura T, Sugiyama Y; Kato; Yamazaki; Higuchi; Nakamura; Sugiyama (April 1993). "Decrease in the hepatic clearance of hepatocyte growth factor in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rats". Hepatology 17 (4): 651–60. doi:10.1002/hep.1840170420. PMID 8477970.
^ Recknagel R.O., Glende E.A., Dolak J.A., Waller R.L.; Glende; Dolak; Waller (1989). "Mechanism of Carbon-tetrachloride Toxicity". Pharmacology Therapeutics 43 (43): 139–154. doi:10.1016/0163-7258(89)90050-8.
^ Recknagel RO (June 1967). "Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity". Pharmacol. Rev. 19 (2): 145–208. PMID 4859860.
^ Masuda Y (October 2006). "[Learning toxicology from carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity]". Yakugaku Zasshi (in Japanese) 126 (10): 885–99. doi:10.1248/yakushi.126.885. PMID 17016019.
^ Rood AS, McGavran PD, Aanenson JW, Till JE; McGavran; Aanenson; Till (August 2001). "Stochastic estimates of exposure and cancer risk from carbon tetrachloride released to the air from the rocky flats plant". Risk Anal. 21 (4): 675–95. doi:10.1111/0272-4332.214143. PMID 11726020.
^ Material Safety Data Sheet, Carbon tetrachloride at Fisher Scientific
^ Odabasi M (2008). "Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds from the Use of Chlorine-Bleach-Containing Household Products". Environmental Science & Technology 42 (5): 1445–51. Bibcode:2008EnST...42.1445O. doi:10.1021/es702355u.
^ Fraser P. (1997). "Chemistry of stratospheric ozone and ozone depletion". Australian Meteorological Magazine 46 (3): 185–193.
^ Evans WFJ, Puckrin E; Puckrin (1996). "A measurement of the greenhouse radiation associated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)". Geophysical Research Letters 23 (14): 1769–72. Bibcode:1996GeoRL..23.1769E. doi:10.1029/96GL01258.
^ Walker, S. J., R. F. Weiss & P. K. Salameh; Weiss; Salameh (2000). "Reconstructed histories of the annual mean atmospheric mole fractions for the halocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113 and carbon tetrachloride". Journal of Geophysical Research 105: 14285–96. Bibcode:2000JGR...10514285W. doi:10.1029/1999JC900273.
^ The Atlas of Climate Change (2006) by Kirstin Dow and Thomas E. Downing ISBN 978-0-520-25558-6

External links

International Chemical Safety Card 0024
"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0107". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
"Carbon Tetrachloride (Group 2B)". International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) – Summaries & Evaluations 71: 401. 1999.
IARC Monograph: "Carbon Tetrachloride"^{[dead link]}
Toxicological profile for carbon tetrachloride
Environmental health criteria for carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride MSDS at Hazardous Chemical Database
MSDS at Oxford University
Egli C, Tschan T, Scholtz R, Cook AM, Leisinger T; Tschan; Scholtz; Cook; Leisinger (November 1988). "Transformation of tetrachloromethane to dichloromethane and carbon dioxide by Acetobacterium woodii". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54 (11): 2819–24. PMC 204379. PMID 3145712. |
Picardal FW, Arnold RG, Couch H, Little AM, Smith ME; Arnold; Couch; Little; Smith (November 1993). "Involvement of cytochromes in the anaerobic biotransformation of tetrachloromethane by Shewanella putrefaciens 200". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 (11): 3763–70. PMC 182529. PMID 8285682.
Substance profile at ntp.niehs.nih.gov^{[dead link]}
ChemSub Online: Carbon tetrachloride.

UpToDate Contents

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1. Acute liver failure in adults: Etiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis
2. Alcoholic hepatitis: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
3. 炭化水素中毒 hydrocarbon poisoning
4. 成人における急性C型肝炎の臨床症状、診断、および治療 clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment of acute hepatitis c in adults
5. 小児および思春期における吸入剤の乱用 inhalant abuse in children and adolescents

English Journal

Protective effects of Wu-Ling-Shen (Xylaria nigripes) on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.

Song A, Ko HJ, Lai MN, Ng LT.SourceShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology.Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol.2011 Sep;33(3):454-60. Epub 2010 Nov 26.
Wu-Ling-Shen, a lesser study medicinal fungus (Xylaria nigripes), is popular for treating insomnia and trauma in the traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, our aim was to examine the protective effects of X. nigripes extract on carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice
PMID 21108581

A polymeric nanoparticle formulation of curcumin (NanoCurc™) ameliorates CCl4-induced hepatic injury and fibrosis through reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and stellate cell activation.

Bisht S, Khan MA, Bekhit M, Bai H, Cornish T, Mizuma M, Rudek MA, Zhao M, Maitra A, Ray B, Lahiri D, Maitra A, Anders RA.SourceDepartment of Pathology, Division of GI and Liver Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.Lab Invest.2011 Sep;91(9):1383-95. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.86. Epub 2011 Jun 20.
Plant-derived polyphenols such as curcumin hold promise as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of chronic liver diseases. However, its development is plagued by poor aqueous solubility resulting in poor bioavailability. To circumvent the suboptimal bioavailability of free curcumin, we have develope
PMID 21691262

Japanese Journal

四塩化炭素急性肝障害ラットにおけるアルブミン遺伝子発現の調節機構

肝臓 36(5), 289-295, 1995-05-25
NAID 10005570369

急性四塩化炭素中毒の１例

肝臓 35(12), 882-886, 1994
NAID 130000877411

Hepatic stimulatory substance protects against acute liver failure induced by carbon tetrachloride poisoning in mice.

Hepatology 17, 638-644, 1993
NAID 30026215997

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「四塩化炭素中毒」
関連記事	「carbon」「tetrachloride」

「四塩化炭素中毒」

Carbon tetrachloride
Names
	IUPAC name Carbon tetrachloride, Tetrachloromethane
	Other names Benziform, Benzinoform, Carbon chloride, Carbon tet, Freon-10, Refrigerant-10, Halon-104, Methane tetrachloride, Perchloromethane, Tetraform, Tetrasol
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	56-23-5
ChEBI	CHEBI:27385
ChEMBL	ChEMBL44814
ChemSpider	5730
EC number	200-262-8
	InChI InChI=1S/CCl4/c2-1(3,4)5 ; Key: VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/CCl4/c2-1(3,4)5; Key: VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYAV ;
Jmol-3D images	Image
KEGG	C07561
PubChem	5943
RTECS number	FG4900000
	SMILES ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl ;
UNII	CL2T97X0V0
UN number	1846
Properties
Chemical formula	CCl4
Molar mass	153.81 g·mol−1
Appearance	colourless liquid
Odor	ether-like odor
Density	1.5867 g cm−3 (liquid); 1.831 g cm−3 at −186 °C (solid); 1.809 g cm−3 at −80 °C (solid)
Melting point	−22.92 °C (−9.26 °F; 250.23 K)
Boiling point	76.72 °C (170.10 °F; 349.87 K)
Solubility in water	0.097 g/100 mL (0 °C); 0.081 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Solubility	soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, naphtha, CS2, formic acid
log P	2.64
Vapor pressure	11.94 kPa at 20 °C
Henry's law; constant (kH)	2.76x10−2 atm-cu m/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.4607
Dipole moment	0 D
Structure
Crystal structure	Monoclinic
Molecular shape	Tetrahedral
Thermochemistry
Specific; heat capacity (C)	132.6 J/mol K
Std molar; entropy (So298)	214.42 J/mol K
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfHo298)	-139.3 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚)	-686 kJ/mol
Hazards
Safety data sheet	See: data page; ICSC 0024
EU classification	T N
R-phrases	R23/24/25, R40, R48/23, R59, R52/53
S-phrases	(S1/2), S23, S36/37, S45, S59, S61
NFPA 704	0 3 0
Flash point	Non-flammable
Autoignition; temperature	982 °C (1,800 °F; 1,255 K)
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (Median dose)	2350 mg/kg
LC50 (Median concentration)	5400 ppm (mammal); 8000 ppm (rat, 4 hr); 9526 ppm (mouse, 8 hr)
LCLo (Lowest published)	1000 ppm (human); 20,000 ppm (guinea pig, 2 hr); 38,110 ppm (cat, 2 hr); 50,000 ppm (human, 5 min); 14,620 ppm (dog, 8 hr)
	US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 10 ppm C 25 ppm 200 ppm (5-minute maximum peak in any 4 hours)
REL (Recommended)	Ca ST 2 ppm (12.6 mg/m3) [60-minute]
IDLH (Immediate danger	200 ppm
Related compounds
Other cations	Silicon tetrachloride; Germanium tetrachloride; Tin tetrachloride; Lead tetrachloride
Related chloromethanes	Chloromethane; Dichloromethane; Chloroform
Related compounds	Tetrafluoromethane; Tetrabromomethane; Tetraiodomethane
Supplementary data page
Structure and; properties	Refractive index (n),; Dielectric constant (εr), etc.
Thermodynamic; data	Phase behaviour; solid–liquid–gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	verify (what is: /?)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

英: carbon tetrachloride poisoning, carbon tetrachloride intoxication
同: テトラクロロメタン中毒 tetrachloromethane poisoning
関: 四塩化炭素、[[]]

090716 III 消化器系

病態生理

主に肝臓でP-450 mixed-function oxidaseによりCCl₄がfree radicalであるCCl₃^･に変換される(BPT.19)
自己触媒的に膜のリン脂質を過酸化し、急激に小胞体を破壊する(BPT.19)
暴露から30分以内に肝臓の酵素やplasma proteinの合成が低下する(BPT.19)
2時間以内にsmooth ERが腫脹しSREからリボリボソームの解離が起こる(BPT.19)
肝細胞からの脂質の輸送が停止し脂肪肝を来す。これはアポプロテインの合成が停止するため(BPT.19)

USMLE

Q book p.246 40

「carbon」

　　[★]

炭素、カーボン

関: C、carbonic

「tetrachloride」

　　[★]

四塩化物、四塩化　

[PGCH-1] "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0107". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[IDLH-2] "Carbon tetrachloride". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[3] V. Regnault (1839) "Sur les chlorures de carbone CCl et CCl²" (On the chlorides of carbon CCl and CCl² ), Annales de Chimie et de Physique, vol. 70, pages 104-107. Reprinted in German as: V. Regnault (1839). "Ueber die Chlorverbindungen des Kohlenstoffs, C2Cl2 und CCl2". Annalen der Pharmacie 30 (3): 350–352. doi:10.1002/jlac.18390300310.

[Ross-4] Manfred Rossberg, Wilhelm Lendle, Gerhard Pfleiderer, Adolf Tögel, Eberhard-Ludwig Dreher, Ernst Langer, Heinz Jaerts, Peter Kleinschmidt, Heinz Strack, Richard Cook, Uwe Beck, Karl-August Lipper, Theodore R. Torkelson, Eckhard Löser, Klaus K. Beutel, "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2

[5] Carbon tetrachloride

[chtas-6] F. Brezina, J. Mollin, R. Pastorek, Z. Sindelar. Chemicke tabulky anorganickych sloucenin (Chemical tables of inorganic compounds). SNTL, 1986.

[TemaNord-7] Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories. TemaNord 516/2003.^{[dead link]}

[Seifert-8] Seifert WF, Bosma A, Brouwer A; Bosma; Brouwer; Hendriks; Roholl; Van Leeuwen; Van Thiel-De Ruiter; Seifert-Bock; Knook; et al. (January 1994). "Vitamin A deficiency potentiates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats". Hepatology 19 (1): 193–201. doi:10.1002/hep.1840190129. PMID 8276355.

[9] W. Reusch. "Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy". Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry. Michigan State University. ^{[dead link]}

[10] U.S. Patent 1,010,870, filed April 5, 1910.

[11] U.S. Patent 1,105,263, filed Jan 7, 1911.

[12] "Pyrene Fire Extinguishers". Vintage Fire Extinguishers. Retrieved 23 December 2009.

[13] Doherty RE (2000). "A History of the Production and Use of Carbon Tetrachloride, Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in the United States: Part 1—Historical Background; Carbon Tetrachloride and Tetrachloroethylene". Environmental Forensics 1 (1): 69–81. doi:10.1006/enfo.2000.0010.

[14] Liu KX, Kato Y, Yamazaki M, Higuchi O, Nakamura T, Sugiyama Y; Kato; Yamazaki; Higuchi; Nakamura; Sugiyama (April 1993). "Decrease in the hepatic clearance of hepatocyte growth factor in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rats". Hepatology 17 (4): 651–60. doi:10.1002/hep.1840170420. PMID 8477970.

[15] Recknagel R.O., Glende E.A., Dolak J.A., Waller R.L.; Glende; Dolak; Waller (1989). "Mechanism of Carbon-tetrachloride Toxicity". Pharmacology Therapeutics 43 (43): 139–154. doi:10.1016/0163-7258(89)90050-8.

[16] Recknagel RO (June 1967). "Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity". Pharmacol. Rev. 19 (2): 145–208. PMID 4859860.

[17] Masuda Y (October 2006). "[Learning toxicology from carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity]". Yakugaku Zasshi (in Japanese) 126 (10): 885–99. doi:10.1248/yakushi.126.885. PMID 17016019.

[18] Rood AS, McGavran PD, Aanenson JW, Till JE; McGavran; Aanenson; Till (August 2001). "Stochastic estimates of exposure and cancer risk from carbon tetrachloride released to the air from the rocky flats plant". Risk Anal. 21 (4): 675–95. doi:10.1111/0272-4332.214143. PMID 11726020.

[19] Material Safety Data Sheet, Carbon tetrachloride at Fisher Scientific

[20] Odabasi M (2008). "Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds from the Use of Chlorine-Bleach-Containing Household Products". Environmental Science & Technology 42 (5): 1445–51. Bibcode:2008EnST...42.1445O. doi:10.1021/es702355u.

[21] Fraser P. (1997). "Chemistry of stratospheric ozone and ozone depletion". Australian Meteorological Magazine 46 (3): 185–193.

[22] Evans WFJ, Puckrin E; Puckrin (1996). "A measurement of the greenhouse radiation associated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)". Geophysical Research Letters 23 (14): 1769–72. Bibcode:1996GeoRL..23.1769E. doi:10.1029/96GL01258.

[23] Walker, S. J., R. F. Weiss & P. K. Salameh; Weiss; Salameh (2000). "Reconstructed histories of the annual mean atmospheric mole fractions for the halocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113 and carbon tetrachloride". Journal of Geophysical Research 105: 14285–96. Bibcode:2000JGR...10514285W. doi:10.1029/1999JC900273.

[24] The Atlas of Climate Change (2006) by Kirstin Dow and Thomas E. Downing ISBN 978-0-520-25558-6

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案内

carbon tetrachloride poisoning