WordNet

an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain (同)saccharide, sugar
the ratio of the gross weight of an airplane to some factor determining its lift
the labor of putting a load of something on or in a vehicle or ship or container etc.; "the loading took 2 hours"

PrepTutorEJDIC

炭水化物,含水炭素

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/22 16:55:54」(JST)

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Carbohydrate loading, commonly referred to as carb-loading or carbo-loading, is a strategy used by endurance athletes, such as marathon runners, to maximize the storage of glycogen (or energy) in the muscles.

Carbohydrate loading is also used in healthcare to optimise the condition of patients prior to colorectal surgery.^[1]

Carbohydrate loading is generally recommended for endurance events lasting longer than 90 minutes.^[2] For many endurance athletes the foods of choice for carbo-loading are those of low glycemic indices due to their minimal effect on serum glucose levels. Low glycemic foods commonly include fruits, vegetables, whole wheat pasta and grains. Because of this, many marathoners and triathlon participants have large pasta dinners the night before the race. Since muscles also extensively utilize amino acids when functioning within aerobic limits, meals should include adequate protein on top of carbohydrates.^[3] Large portions before a race can, however, be detrimental to race-day performance if the digestive system has not had the time to adequately process the food.

Without depletion[edit]

In the 1980s, research led to a modified carbo-loading regimen that eliminates the depletion phase, instead calling for increased carbohydrate intake (to about 70% of total calories) and decreased training for three days prior to the event.^[4] Most athletes now follow this modified regimen; it is recommended by many coaches, although there are some athletes who still follow the original carbo-loading regimen.^{[citation needed]}

Short workout[edit]

A new carbo-loading regimen developed by scientists at the University of Western Australia calls for a normal diet with light training until the day before the race. On the day before the race, the athlete performs a very short, extremely high-intensity workout (such as a few minutes of sprinting) then consumes 12 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of lean mass over the next 24 hours. The regimen resulted in a 90% increase in glycogen storage when compared to before the carbo-load, which is comparable or higher to the results achieved with other 2 day - 6 day carbo-loading regimes.^[5]

Transient hypoglycemia[edit]

Carbohydrate ingestion less than 2 hours prior to aerobic exercise triggers elevated levels of insulin in the blood, which may dramatically decrease serum glucose levels. This can limit aerobic performance, especially in events lasting longer than 60 minutes. This is known as transient or reactive hypoglycemia, and can be a limiting factor in elite athletes. Individuals susceptible to hypoglycemia are especially at risk for elevated insulin responses and thus will likely suffer from performance-limiting, transient hypoglycemia.

Diet composition[edit]

The composition of carbohydrates in the athlete's diet during carbohydrate loading is as important as their share of the overall caloric intake.

Most dietary carbohydrates consist of varying proportions of two simple sugars, glucose and fructose. Fructose may be metabolized into liver glycogen, but it is ineffective at raising muscle glycogen levels (which is the objective of carbohydrate loading).^[6] Consequently, sources of high-fructose carbohydrates, such as fruit and sweets, are less than optimal for the task. The classic carb-loading meal is pasta, whose caloric content is primarily due to starch, a glucose polymer. Other high-glucose meals include bread, rice, and potatoes.

References[edit]

^ Noblett, S. E.; Watson, D. S.; Huong, H.; Davison, B.; Hainsworth, P. J.; Horgan, A. F. (2006). "Pre-operative oral carbohydrate loading in colorectal surgery: A randomized controlled trial". Colorectal Disease 8 (7): 563–9. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2006.00965.x. PMID 16919107.
^ Jensen, Christopher D. "Carbohydrate Loading". ^{[unreliable medical source?]}
^ Martini, Frederic H.; Timmons, Michael J.; Tallitsch, Robert B. (2008). Human Anatomy (6th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-321-50042-7.
^ Fitzgerald, Matt. "The Evolving Art of Carbo-Loading". ^{[unreliable medical source?]}
^ Fairchild, TJ; Fletcher, S; Steele, P; Goodman, C; Dawson, B; Fournier, PA. "Rapid carbohydrate loading after a short bout of near maximal-intensity exercise.". ^{[unreliable medical source?]}
^ Peterson, David. "The Science of Carbohydrate Loading". ^{[unreliable medical source?]}

UpToDate Contents

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1. 急性間欠性ポルフィリン症の管理 management of acute intermittent porphyria
2. 2型糖尿病における栄養上の考慮事項 nutritional considerations in type 2 diabetes mellitus
3. 先天性代謝異常：個々の障害の発見 inborn errors of metabolism identifying the specific disorder
4. 大腸切除術における早期回復管理 fast track protocols in colorectal surgery
5. 肝グリコーゲン合成酵素欠損症（糖原病0型） liver glycogen synthase deficiency glycogen storage disease 0

English Journal

Facilitating early recovery of bowel motility after colorectal surgery: a systematic review.

Wallström A, Frisman GH.Author information Department of Surgery, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.AbstractAIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To determine how restored gastrointestinal motility can be accelerated after colorectal surgery.
Journal of clinical nursing.J Clin Nurs.2014 Jan;23(1-2):24-44. doi: 10.1111/jocn.12258. Epub 2013 Jun 20.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To determine how restored gastrointestinal motility can be accelerated after colorectal surgery.BACKGROUND: Regaining normal bowel functions after surgery is described as unexpectedly problematic. Postoperative ileus is expected after all surgery where the peritoneum is entered,
PMID 23786567

Optimization of thermo-chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of kitchen wastes.

Vavouraki AI, Volioti V, Kornaros ME.Author information Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 1 Karatheodori Str., University Campus, 26500 Patras, Greece.AbstractThe use of abundant waste materials with high carbohydrate content may contribute substantially to reduction of biofuels production cost. The present study aimed at optimizing the combined effect of thermo-chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of kitchen wastes (KW) for maximizing the production of fermentable soluble sugars. To this end, acid pretreatment of KW samples was performed with hydrochloric acid (0-3% HCl) at 30-100°C for 0-120min treatment time. Alternatively, alkaline pretreatment of KW samples was performed with potassium hydroxide solution (0-11%) at constant temperature and time (0°C and 20min, respectively). KOH pretreatment at such conditions targets to degrade the resistant starch of KW samples. Both acid and alkaline pretreatments were followed by addition of variable levels of enzyme dosage (0-3.6% v/v α-amylase and 0-3.2% v/v amyloglucosidase-AMG) at constant pH, temperature and time (pH=5, T=50°C and t=30 min, respectively). Based on our results, glucose concentration increased by ∼300% after pretreatment with either acid or KOH in combination with enzymatic hydrolysis (2% HCl, 85°C, 80min, 0.1% α-amylase, AMG, and 1% KOH, 0°C, 20min, 1.1% α-amylase, 0.4% AMG) compared to raw (untreated) KW. Estimating the different YG yields at KW loading of 5%, an increase of 192% and 121% for total soluble monosugars and total soluble sugars, respectively, was succeeded compared to untreated KW. The effect of solids loading on the obtained sugar yields using the optimum conditions for thermo-chemical pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis was also tested resulting to 27.5% increase of the soluble glucose yield when half of the solids loading (2.5%) was used. A decrease of total soluble sugars yield by 32.2% was observed when solely acid hydrolysis at optimum conditions from our previous study was applied at 30% solids loading.
Waste management (New York, N.Y.).Waste Manag.2014 Jan;34(1):167-73. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.09.027. Epub 2013 Oct 28.
The use of abundant waste materials with high carbohydrate content may contribute substantially to reduction of biofuels production cost. The present study aimed at optimizing the combined effect of thermo-chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of kitchen wastes (KW) for maximizing the produ
PMID 24176238

Applicability of dynamic membrane technology in anaerobic membrane bioreactors.

Ersahin ME, Ozgun H, Tao Y, van Lier JB.Author information Department of Watermanagement, Section Sanitary Engineering, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands; Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Ayazaga Campus, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: ersahin@itu.edu.tr.AbstractThis study investigated the applicability of dynamic membrane technology in anaerobic membrane bioreactors for the treatment of high strength wastewaters. A monofilament woven fabric was used as support material for dynamic membrane formation. An anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnDMBR) was operated under a variety of operational conditions, including different sludge retention times (SRTs) of 20 and 40 days in order to determine the effect of SRT on both biological performance and dynamic membrane filtration characteristics. High COD removal efficiencies exceeding 99% were achieved during the operation at both SRTs. Higher filtration resistances were measured during the operation at SRT of 40 days in comparison to SRT of 20 days, applying a stable flux of 2.6 L/m(2) h. The higher filtration resistances coincided with lower extracellular polymeric substances concentration in the bulk sludge at SRT of 40 days, likely resulting in a decreased particle flocculation. Results showed that dynamic membrane technology achieved a stable and high quality permeate and AnDMBRs can be used as a reliable and satisfactory technology for treatment of high strength wastewaters.
Water research.Water Res.2014 Jan 1;48:420-9. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.054. Epub 2013 Oct 10.
This study investigated the applicability of dynamic membrane technology in anaerobic membrane bioreactors for the treatment of high strength wastewaters. A monofilament woven fabric was used as support material for dynamic membrane formation. An anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnDMBR) was op
PMID 24156951

Japanese Journal

Assessment of metabolic status in young Japanese females using postprandial glucose and insulin levels

Sakuma Masae,Sasaki Megumi,Katsuda Sayaka,Kobayashi Kana,Takaya Chiaki,Umeda Minako,Arai Hidekazu
Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 54(3), 204-209, 2014
… Both the area under the curve of carbohydrate oxidation rate and serum free fatty acid levels were higher in individuals in the high Δplasma glucose group. … We conclude that nutritional balanced liquid loading test using Δplasma glucose and Δserum insulin as the evaluation index is useful for the detection of primary metabolic disorders in young females. …
NAID 130004466746