WordNet

(medicine) the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease
(phonetics) the alteration of a speech sound under the influence of a neighboring sound
the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
(international law) illegality that taints or contaminates a ship or cargo rendering it liable to seizure
moral corruption or contamination; "ambitious men are led astray by an infection that is almost unavoidable"
an incident in which an infectious disease is transmitted (同)contagion, transmission
a brief treatise on a subject of interest; published in the form of a booklet (同)pamphlet
an extended area of land (同)piece of land, piece of ground, parcel of land, parcel
a system of body parts that together serve some particular purpose
a drawing created by superimposing a semitransparent sheet of paper on the original image and copying on it the lines of the original image (同)trace
the act of drawing a plan or diagram or outline
the discovery and description of the course of development of something; "the tracing of genealogies"
informal or natural; especially caught off guard or unprepared; "a candid photograph"; "a candid interview"
openly straightforward and direct without reserve or secretiveness; "his candid eyes"; "an open and trusting nature"; "a heart-to-heart talk" (同)open, heart-to-heart
of or relating to the urinary system of the body
of or relating to the function or production or secretion of urine

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(病気の)伝染;感染 / 〈C〉伝染病
広大な土地(地域),(土地・海・空などの)広がり《+of+名》 / (器官の)管,(神経の)索
(おもに宗教・政治などの宣伝用の)小冊子,パンフレット
跡を追うこと,追跡;透写,複写 / 〈C〉 / 透写(複写)によってできたもの(地図・図案など),透写図
率直な,腹蔵ない,遠慮のない;(人に)率直な《+『with』+『名』》 / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(写真が)相手が意識いないときにとった,ポーズをとらない
尿の;泌尿(ひにょう)[器]の

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 膀胱および腎臓のカンジダ感染症 candida infections of the bladder and kidneys
2. カンジダ感染症の概要 overview of candida infections
3. 小児におけるカンジダ感染症：概要 candida infections in children an overview
4. 新生児におけるカンジダ感染症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of candida infection in neonates
5. 成人における尿道カテーテル関連尿路感染症 catheter associated urinary tract infection in adults

English Journal

Nosocomial bloodstream infections due to Candida spp. in the USA: species distribution, clinical features and antifungal susceptibilities.

Wisplinghoff H1, Ebbers J2, Geurtz L2, Stefanik D2, Major Y3, Edmond MB3, Wenzel RP3, Seifert H4.Author information 1Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Goldenfelsstrasse 19-21, 50935 Cologne, Germany; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical Center Box 980019, Richmond, VA 23298-0019, USA.2Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Goldenfelsstrasse 19-21, 50935 Cologne, Germany.3Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical Center Box 980019, Richmond, VA 23298-0019, USA.4Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Goldenfelsstrasse 19-21, 50935 Cologne, Germany. Electronic address: harald.seifert@uni-koeln.de.AbstractCandida spp. are among the most frequent nosocomial pathogens, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Longitudinal data on the epidemiology of Candida bloodstream infections (BSIs) are still limited. Isolates and clinical data from 1218 episodes of Candida BSI were prospectively collected from patients in 52 hospitals in the USA between 1998 and 2006. Susceptibilities to amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin were determined for 1077 Candida isolates by the CLSI reference broth microdilution method using the recently published species-specific clinical breakpoints. Candida albicans was the most prevalent species (50.7%), followed by Candida parapsilosis (17.4%), Candida glabrata (16.7%) and Candida tropicalis (10.2%). The prevalence of non-albicans Candida spp. increased over time. Patients had a mean age of 51 years and a mean length of hospital stay prior to BSI of 22 days. The main underlying conditions were gastrointestinal (20.1%) and pulmonary (13.0%) diseases. Intravenous catheters (19.1%) and the urinary tract (8.0%) were the most frequently determined likely sources, whilst in the majority of patients (61.1%) no source could be identified. Overall mortality was 38.1%. Of the isolates studied, 0.8% of C. albicans, 100.0% of C. glabrata, 2.9% of C. parapsilosis and 4.9% of C. tropicalis were non-susceptible to fluconazole, and 0.6% of C. albicans, 5.0% of Candida krusei, 7.6% of C. parapsilosis and 9.8% of C. tropicalis were non-susceptible to voriconazole. All echinocandins showed good activity against most Candida spp., including the majority of C. parapsilosis isolates, but only 38.1% of C. glabrata tested susceptible to caspofungin.
International journal of antimicrobial agents.Int J Antimicrob Agents.2014 Jan;43(1):78-81. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.09.005. Epub 2013 Oct 12.
Candida spp. are among the most frequent nosocomial pathogens, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Longitudinal data on the epidemiology of Candida bloodstream infections (BSIs) are still limited. Isolates and clinical data from 1218 episodes of Candida BSI were prospectively coll
PMID 24182454

Epidemiology, risk factors and impact on long-term pancreatic function of infection following pancreas-kidney transplantation.

Herrero-Martínez JM, Lumbreras C, Manrique A, San-Juan R, García-Reyne A, López-Medrano F, Lizasoain M, de Dios B, Andrés A, Jiménez C, Gutiérrez E, Moreno E, Aguado JM.Author information Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación (i + 12) Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.AbstractLimited information exists about epidemiology and risk factors of infection following pancreas-kidney transplantation and its impact on long-term pancreatic graft function. A retrospective chart review of episodes of severe infection in consecutive pancreas-kidney transplantations in a single institution was performed to assess the epidemiology, risk factors for infection and their impact on the development of pancreatic graft dysfunction. Ninety-four (81%) of 116 recipients (median follow-up of 1492 days; mean 1594) developed 248 episodes of severe infection. Bacterial infections were present in 208 episodes, with 12% of the isolates resistant to antibiotics used in prophylaxis. There were 40 episodes of fungal infection in 32 patients (28%) (mostly Candida spp), and CMV disease appeared in 20 patients (17%), of which 50% appeared after the third month following surgery. The multivariate analysis identified that surgical re-intervention and the use of steroid pulses were independently associated with the development of any infection. Additionally, pre-transplant evidence of peripheral artery disease, a longer cold ischaemia time and high transfusional requirements were associated with fungal infections. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) mismatch was independently related to CMV disease and female sex, and bladder drainage of the exocrine pancreas was associated with urinary tract infection. At the end of follow-up, 29 patients (25%) had developed severe pancreatic graft dysfunction, and fungal infection was independently associated with it. Our study identifies a subset of pancreas-kidney transplant recipients at a higher risk of developing severe infection. Fungal infection is an independent risk factor for the development of severe pancreatic graft dysfunction.
Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.Clin Microbiol Infect.2013 Dec;19(12):1132-9. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12165. Epub 2013 Mar 11.
Limited information exists about epidemiology and risk factors of infection following pancreas-kidney transplantation and its impact on long-term pancreatic graft function. A retrospective chart review of episodes of severe infection in consecutive pancreas-kidney transplantations in a single instit
PMID 23480521

Strength in numbers: antifungal strategies against fungal biofilms.

Ramage G1, Robertson SN2, Williams C3.Author information 1Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School and Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK. Electronic address: gordon.ramage@glasgow.ac.uk.2Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School and Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; Institute of Healthcare Associated Infections, School of Health, Nursing and Midwifery, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK.3Institute of Healthcare Associated Infections, School of Health, Nursing and Midwifery, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK.AbstractPathogenic fungi have the capacity to form tenacious biofilm structures that are notoriously unresponsive to antifungal therapies. Fungal biofilms are ubiquitous, located all over the human host, including the oral cavity, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, wounds and upon biomedical devices. This latter category represents one of the greatest hurdles in clinical management, where the presence of inert substrates such as a catheter provides a reservoir for fungal biofilm development. Here, Candida albicans is the most adept at forming biofilms and is the principal nosocomial fungal pathogen based on its high rates of mortality, which are often associated with the biofilm lifestyle. This review will summarise some of the key fungal biofilm-forming organisms and their clinical significance and will discuss current and novel strategies to manage these hard-to-treat infections based on in vitro and in vivo studies.
International journal of antimicrobial agents.Int J Antimicrob Agents.2013 Nov 25. pii: S0924-8579(13)00381-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.10.023. [Epub ahead of print]
Pathogenic fungi have the capacity to form tenacious biofilm structures that are notoriously unresponsive to antifungal therapies. Fungal biofilms are ubiquitous, located all over the human host, including the oral cavity, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, wounds and upon bio
PMID 24359842