butterbur

Petasites
	Petasites hybridus; Butterbur
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Tribe:	Senecioneae
Genus:	Petasites; Mill.
species
	About 15–20 species; see text

WordNet

small Eurasian herb having broad leaves and lilac-pink rayless flowers; found in moist areas (同)bog rhubarb, Petasites hybridus, Petasites vulgaris

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/06 00:39:45」(JST)

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"Butterbur" redirects here. For a character in The Lord of the Rings, see Barliman Butterbur.

The plants commonly referred to as Butterbur are found in the daisy family Asteraceae in the genus Petasites. They are mostly quite robust plants with thick, creeping underground rhizomes and large Rhubarb-like leaves during the growing season. Another common name for many species of this genus is Sweet Coltsfoot.

Characteristics

The short spikes of flowers are produced just before the leaves in spring, emerging with only a few elongated basal bracts and are usually green, flesh coloured or dull white depending on species.

Butterburs are found in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. They prefer moist environments such as riverbanks, marshes and ditches.

Petasites is very closely related to the genus Tussilago (Coltsfoot), and also related to the huge genus Senecio.

Medicinal uses

Butterbur was used by Native Americans as a remedy for headache and inflammation.^{[citation needed]} Some Butterbur species contain the chemicals petasin and isopetasin which are believed to have potential benefits in treating headaches. The highest concentrations occur in Butterbur root. Butterbur root extracts have been reported to be effective in reducing frequency and severity of migraine headaches.^[1] Several double-blind studies have shown that high doses of extracts of Petasites hybridus root, presumably containing petasin and/or isopetasin, are effective both in preventing and in relieving migraine, with the best results coming in more severe cases, but with gastrointestinal side effects. ^[2] The American Academy of Neurology and American Headache Society now endorse butterbur for preventing migraine headaches with a Level A recommendation (based on at least two strong clinical trials). ^[3]

Additionally, a study showing Butterbur extract to be an effective treatment for hay fever without the sedative effect of the antihistamine cetirizine.^[4]

Butterbur contains components called pyrrolizidine alkaloids.^[5] They are toxic to the liver and may cause cancers.^[6]^[7] The concentrations are often highest in the rhizomes and stalks, and lowest in the leaves, and may vary depending on where the plants are grown. Butterbur extract should be taken only when prepared by a reputable laboratory. Long-term health effects and interaction with other drugs have not been studied.

Selected species

White butterbur

Petasites albus White Butterbur
Petasites amplus
Petasites doerfleri
Petasites formosanus
Petasites fragrans Winter Heliotrope
Petasites frigidus (with many synonyms) Arctic Butterbur or Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot
Petasites hybridus Common Butterbur
Petasites japonicus Giant Butterbur, or Fuki
Petasites kablikianus
Petasites paradoxus
Petasites radiatus
Petasites sagittatus
Petasites sibiricus
Petasites spurius
Petasites tatewakianus
Petasites tricholobus

Hybrids

Petasites x vitifolius

References

^ "Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society.". Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology 2012 Apr 24;78(17):1346-53. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
^ Lipton RB, Göbel H, Einhäupl KM, Wilks K, Mauskop A (December 2004). "Petasites hybridus root (butterbur) is an effective preventive treatment for migraine". Neurology 63 (12): 2240–4. PMID 15623680.
^ Holland S; Silberstein, F. Freitag, et al. (24). Neurology 78 (17): 1346–1353 http://www.neurology.org/content/78/17/1346.fullBare URL needs a title. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
^ Schapowal, A.Schapowal A; Petasites Study, Group (19 January 2002). "Randomised controlled trial of butterbur and cetirizine for treating seasonal allergic rhinitis". BMJ 324 (7330): 144–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7330.144. PMC 64514. PMID 11799030.
^ Fu, P.P., Yang, Y.C., Xia, Q., Chou, M.C., Cui, Y.Y., Lin G. (2002). "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-tumorigenic components in Chinese herbal medicines and dietary supplements". Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 10 (4): 198–211.
^ Maxim Hirono I., Mori H., Yamada K. "Carcinogenic activity of petasitenine, a new pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from Petasites" Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1977 58:4 (1155-1157)
^ Smith, LW; Culvenor, CC (1981). "Plant sources of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids". Journal of Natural Products 44 (2): 129–52. doi:10.1021/np50014a001. PMID 7017073.

External links

Flora Europaea: Petasites species list and distributions
eFloras search results: Petasites
Edibility of Petasites: Visual identification and edible parts of sweet coltsfoot.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における片頭痛の予防的治療 preventive treatment of migraine in adults
2. アレルギー性鼻炎および結膜炎に対する補完代替療法 complementary and alternative therapies for allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis
3. 小児における片頭痛の予防的治療 preventive treatment of migraine in children
4. 慢性片頭痛 chronic migraine
5. 小児における補完剤および代替剤の概要 overview of complementary and alternative medicine in pediatrics

English Journal

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantification of acetamiprid and thiacloprid residues in butterbur grown under regulated conditions.

Lee HS1, Kim SW1, Abd El-Aty AM2, Chung HS1, Kabir MH1, Rahman MM1, Jeong JH3, Chang BJ4, Shin HC5, Shim JH6.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.2017 Jun 15;1055-1056:172-177. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.04.021. Epub 2017 Apr 13.
PMID 28494350

The use of nutraceutics in children's and adolescent's headache.

Sangermani R1, Boncimino A2.
Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology.Neurol Sci.2017 May;38(Suppl 1):121-124. doi: 10.1007/s10072-017-2896-7.
PMID 28527085

Usefulness of nutraceuticals in migraine prophylaxis.

D'Onofrio F1, Raimo S2, Spitaleri D1, Casucci G3, Bussone G4.
Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology.Neurol Sci.2017 May;38(Suppl 1):117-120. doi: 10.1007/s10072-017-2901-1.
PMID 28527067

Japanese Journal

症例食用菊とフキノトウによるアナフィラキシーの1例

皮膚科の臨床 57(11), 1695-1699, 2015-10
NAID 40020625154

手指から分離した細菌に対する植物抽出液の抗菌効果

人間生活学研究 (6), 41-51, 2015
NAID 40020482256

Positive correlation between tolerance to continuous UV-B irradiation, chloroplast numbers, chlorophyll content, and starch grain content in normal and variegated Japanese butterbur (Petasites japonicus) leaves

福岡教育大学紀要. 第3分冊, 数学・理科・技術科編 = Bulletin of Fukuoka University of Education. 福岡教育大学編 (64), 59-68, 2015
NAID 40020373433

Related Pictures

Butterbur Alleviates Seasonal Allergies Butterbur - Petasites hybridus - UK Safari Butterbur Found Effective In Treating ButterBur Beats Migraines - Complete Butterbur - Medicinal Herb Info File:White butterbur.jpg - Wikipedia, the

[1] "Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society.". Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology 2012 Apr 24;78(17):1346-53. Retrieved 2012-10-02.

[2] Lipton RB, Göbel H, Einhäupl KM, Wilks K, Mauskop A (December 2004). "Petasites hybridus root (butterbur) is an effective preventive treatment for migraine". Neurology 63 (12): 2240–4. PMID 15623680.

[3] Holland S; Silberstein, F. Freitag, et al. (24). Neurology 78 (17): 1346–1353 http://www.neurology.org/content/78/17/1346.fullBare URL needs a title. Retrieved 24 April 2012.

[4] Schapowal, A.Schapowal A; Petasites Study, Group (19 January 2002). "Randomised controlled trial of butterbur and cetirizine for treating seasonal allergic rhinitis". BMJ 324 (7330): 144–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7330.144. PMC 64514. PMID 11799030.

[5] Fu, P.P., Yang, Y.C., Xia, Q., Chou, M.C., Cui, Y.Y., Lin G. (2002). "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-tumorigenic components in Chinese herbal medicines and dietary supplements". Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 10 (4): 198–211.

[6] Maxim Hirono I., Mori H., Yamada K. "Carcinogenic activity of petasitenine, a new pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from Petasites" Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1977 58:4 (1155-1157)

[7] Smith, LW; Culvenor, CC (1981). "Plant sources of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids". Journal of Natural Products 44 (2): 129–52. doi:10.1021/np50014a001. PMID 7017073.

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