WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
rotary file for smoothing rough edges left on a workpiece
rough projection left on a workpiece after drilling or cutting
remove the burrs from (同)burr
seed vessel having hooks or prickles (同)burr
small bit used in dentistry or surgery (同)burr
United States politician who served as vice president under Jefferson; he mortally wounded his political rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel and fled south (1756-1836) (同)Aaron Burr

PrepTutorEJDIC

(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
=bur / 荒い削り面,ぎざぎざ / (歯科用の)穴ぐり器
rの喉音(こうおん);(のどの奥で)ブンブン(ゴーゴー)いう音 / 喉音で発音する;(のどの奥で)ブンブン(ゴーゴー)いう / 〈r音〉'を'喉音で話す

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/06 12:22:59」(JST)

wiki en

Echinocyte (from the Greek word echinos, meaning 'hedgehog' or 'sea urchin'), in human biology and medicine, refers to a form of red blood cell that has an abnormal cell membrane characterized by many small, evenly spaced thorny projections.^[1]^[2] A more common term for these cells is burr cells.

Physiology

Echinocytes are frequently confused with acanthocytes, but the mechanism of cell membrane alteration is different. Echinocytosis is a reversible condition of red blood cells that is often merely an artifact produced by EDTA, which is used as an anticoagulant in sampled blood.^[3] Echinocytes can be distinguished from acanthocytes by the shape of the projections, which are smaller and more numerous than in acanthocytes and are evenly spaced. Echinocytes also exhibit central pallor, or lightening of color in the center of the cell under Wright staining.^[4]

Causes

In addition to appearing as an artifact of staining or drying, echinocytes are associated with uremia, pyruvate kinase deficiency, hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia, and hemolytic anemia in long-distance runners.^[5]

Echinocytes, like acanthocytes, may be found in hyperlipidemia caused by liver dysfunction, but the lipids themselves do not integrate into the membrane. Instead, it is speculated that cell surface receptors on the red blood cells bind with HDL cholesterol which induces the shape change.^[6]

These cells were also shown to develop in vivo during hemodialysis, and disappear at the end of the procedure. The level of echinocytosis appeared to be related to the increase in blood viscosity that occurs during hemodialysis.^[7]

References

^ Mentzer WC. Spiculated cells (echinocytes and acanthocytes) and target cells. UpToDate (release: 20.12- C21.4) [1]
^ Hoffman, R; Benz, EJ; Silberstein, LE; Heslop, H; Weitz J; Anastasi, J. (2012). Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice (6th ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4377-2928-3.
^ MediaLab (July 12, 2013). "Burr Cells (Echinocytes)".
^ de Alarcon PA (Nov 30, 2011). "Acanthocytosis".
^ Wadsworth Institute (July 12, 2013). "Proficiency Slide 181".
^ Owen, J S; Brown, D; Harry, D; McIntyre, N; Beaven, G; Isenberg, H; Gratzer, W (December 1985). "Erythrocyte echinocytosis in liver disease. Role of abnormal plasma high density lipoproteins.". Journal of Clinical Investigation. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Hasler, C R; Owen, G; Brunner, D; Reinhart, W (1998). "Echinocytosis induced by haemodialysis.". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. Oxford Journals.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 棘状細胞（棘状赤血球および有棘赤血球）と標的細胞の原因 causes of spiculated cells echinocytes and acanthocytes and target cells
2. 末梢血塗抹標本の評価 evaluation of the peripheral blood smear
3. 全身疾患による外因性の非免疫性溶血性貧血 extrinsic nonimmune hemolytic anemia due to systemic disease
4. ピルビン酸キナーゼ欠損症 pyruvate kinase deficiency
5. 神経有棘赤血球症 neuroacanthocytosis

English Journal

The vacuolar-ATPase complex and assembly factors, TMEM199 and CCDC115, control HIF1α prolyl hydroxylation by regulating cellular iron levels.

Miles AL1, Burr SP1, Grice GL1, Nathan JA2.
eLife.Elife.2017 Mar 15;6. pii: e22693. doi: 10.7554/eLife.22693. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 28296633

Profiling and validation of individual and patterns of Chlamydia trachomatis-specific antibody responses in trachomatous trichiasis.

Pickering H1, Burr SE2, Derrick T3, Makalo P2, Joof H2, Hayward RD4, Holland MJ3.
Parasites & vectors.Parasit Vectors.2017 Mar 13;10(1):143. doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2078-8.
PMID 28288672