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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/09/20 01:02:36」(JST)
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Bungarotoxins are a group of closely related neurotoxic proteins derived from the venom of kraits including Bungarus multicinctus.[1] α-Bungarotoxin inhibits the binding of acetylcholine (ACh) to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; β- and γ-bungarotoxins act presynaptically causing excessive acetylcholine release and subsequent depletion. Both α and β forms have been characterized, the α being similar to the long or Type II neurotoxins from other elapid venoms.
There are three types:
- α-Bungarotoxin
- β-Bungarotoxin
- γ-Bungarotoxin
History[edit source | edit]
Banded Krait venom began to be studied by Chuan-Chiung Chang and Chen-Yuan Lee of the National Taiwan University in the 1950s;[2] however, it was not until 1963 that its components were separated and isolated.[3]
References[edit source | edit]
- ^ Bungarotoxins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ^ Chang C (1999). "Looking back on the discovery of alpha-bungarotoxin". J. Biomed. Sci. 6 (6): 368–75. PMID 10545772.
- ^ Chu N (2005). "Contribution of a snake venom toxin to myasthenia gravis: the discovery of alpha-bungarotoxin in Taiwan". Journal of the history of the neurosciences 14 (2): 138–48. doi:10.1080/096470490881770. PMID 16019658.
Toxins (enterotoxin · neurotoxin · hemotoxin · cardiotoxin · phototoxin)
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Bacterial
toxins |
Exotoxin
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Gram
positive
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Bacilli
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Clostridium: tetani (Tetanospasmin) · perfringens (Alpha toxin, Enterotoxin) · difficile (A, B) · botulinum (Botox)
other: Anthrax toxin · Listeriolysin O
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Cocci
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Streptolysin · Leukocidin (Panton-Valentine leukocidin) · Staphylococcus (Staphylococcus aureus alpha/beta/delta, Exfoliatin, Toxic shock syndrome toxin, SEB)
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Actinobacteria
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Cord factor · Diphtheria toxin
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Gram
negative
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Shiga toxin · Verotoxin/shiga-like toxin (E. coli) · E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin/enterotoxin · Cholera toxin · Pertussis toxin · Pseudomonas exotoxin · Extracellular adenylate cyclase
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Mechanisms
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type I (Superantigen) · type II (Pore-forming toxin) · type III (AB toxin/AB5)
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Endotoxin
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Lipopolysaccharide (Lipid A) · Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxin
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Virulence
factor
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Clumping factor A · Fibronectin binding protein A
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Mycotoxins |
Aflatoxin · Amatoxin (alpha-amanitin, beta-amanitin, · Beta-nitropropionic acid · gamma-amanitin, epsilon-amanitin) · Citrinin · Cytochalasin · Ergotamine · Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2) · Gliotoxin · Ibotenic acid · Muscimol · Ochratoxin · Patulin · Phalloidin · Sterigmatocystin · Trichothecene · Vomitoxin · Zeranol · Zearalenone
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Invertebrates |
arthropod: scorpion: Charybdotoxin, Maurotoxin, Agitoxin, Margatoxin, Slotoxin, Scyllatoxin, Hefutoxin, Lq2, Birtoxin, Bestoxin, BmKAEP, Phaiodotoxin, Imperatoxin ·
spider: Latrotoxin (Alpha-latrotoxin) · CSTX · Cupiennins · PhTx3 · Stromatoxin · Vanillotoxin · Huwentoxin
mollusca: Conotoxin · Eledoisin · Onchidal · Saxitoxin · Tetrodotoxin
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Vertebrates |
fish: Ciguatera · Tetrodotoxin
amphibian: (+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A · Batrachotoxin · Bufotoxins (Arenobufagin, Bufotalin, Bufotenin · Cinobufagin, Marinobufagin) · Epibatidine · Histrionicotoxin · Pumiliotoxin 251D · Samandarin · Samandaridine · Tarichatoxin
reptile/snake venom: Bungarotoxin (Alpha-Bungarotoxin, Beta-Bungarotoxin) · Calciseptine · Taicatoxin · Calcicludine · Cardiotoxin III
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note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
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Cholinergics
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Receptor ligands
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mAChR
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- Agonists: 77-LH-28-1
- AC-42
- AC-260,584
- Aceclidine
- Acetylcholine
- AF30
- AF150(S)
- AF267B
- AFDX-384
- Alvameline
- AQRA-741
- Arecoline
- Bethanechol
- Butyrylcholine
- Carbachol
- CDD-0034
- CDD-0078
- CDD-0097
- CDD-0098
- CDD-0102
- Cevimeline
- Choline
- cis-Dioxolane
- Ethoxysebacylcholine
- LY-593,039
- L-689,660
- LY-2,033,298
- McNA343
- Methacholine
- Milameline
- Muscarine
- NGX-267
- Ocvimeline
- Oxotremorine
- PD-151,832
- Pilocarpine
- RS86
- Sabcomeline
- SDZ 210-086
- Sebacylcholine
- Suberylcholine
- Talsaclidine
- Tazomeline
- Thiopilocarpine
- Vedaclidine
- VU-0029767
- VU-0090157
- VU-0152099
- VU-0152100
- VU-0238429
- WAY-132,983
- Xanomeline
- YM-796
Antagonists: 3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate
- 4-DAMP
- Aclidinium Bromide
- Anisodamine
- Anisodine
- Atropine
- Atropine Methonitrate
- Benactyzine
- Benzatropine/Benztropine
- Benzydamine
- BIBN 99
- Biperiden
- Bornaprine
- CAR-226,086
- CAR-301,060
- CAR-302,196
- CAR-302,282
- CAR-302,368
- CAR-302,537
- CAR-302,668
- CS-27349
- Cyclobenzaprine
- Cyclopentolate
- Darifenacin
- DAU-5884
- Dimethindene
- Dexetimide
- DIBD
- Dicyclomine/Dicycloverine
- Ditran
- EA-3167
- EA-3443
- EA-3580
- EA-3834
- Etanautine
- Etybenzatropine/Ethylbenztropine
- Flavoxate
- Himbacine
- HL-031,120
- Ipratropium bromide
- J-104,129
- Hyoscyamine
- Mamba Toxin 3
- Mamba Toxin 7
- Mazaticol
- Mebeverine
- Methoctramine
- Metixene
- N-Ethyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate
- N-Methyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate
- Orphenadrine
- Otenzepad
- Oxybutynin
- PBID
- PD-102,807
- PD-0298029
- Phenglutarimide
- Phenyltoloxamine
- Pirenzepine
- Piroheptine
- Procyclidine
- Profenamine
- RU-47,213
- SCH-57,790
- SCH-72,788
- SCH-217,443
- Scopolamine/Hyoscine
- Solifenacin
- Telenzepine
- Tiotropium bromide
- Tolterodine
- Trihexyphenidyl
- Tripitamine
- Tropatepine
- Tropicamide
- WIN-2299
- Xanomeline
- Zamifenacin; Others: 1st Generation Antihistamines (Brompheniramine
- chlorphenamine
- cyproheptadine
- dimenhydrinate
- diphenhydramine
- doxylamine
- mepyramine/pyrilamine
- phenindamine
- pheniramine
- tripelennamine
- triprolidine, etc)
- Tricyclic Antidepressants (Amitriptyline
- doxepin
- trimipramine, etc)
- Tetracyclic Antidepressants (Amoxapine
- maprotiline, etc)
- Typical Antipsychotics (Chlorpromazine
- thioridazine, etc)
- Atypical Antipsychotics (Clozapine
- olanzapine, etc.)
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nAChR
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- Agonists: 5-HIAA
- A-84,543
- A-366,833
- A-582,941
- A-867,744
- ABT-202
- ABT-418
- ABT-560
- ABT-894
- Acetylcholine
- Altinicline
- Anabasine
- Anatoxin-a
- AR-R17779
- Butinoline
- Butyrylcholine
- Carbachol
- Choline
- Cotinine
- Cytisine
- Decamethonium
- Desformylflustrabromine
- Dianicline
- Dimethylphenylpiperazinium
- Epibatidine
- Epiboxidine
- Ethanol
- Ethoxysebacylcholine
- EVP-4473
- EVP-6124
- Galantamine
- GTS-21
- Ispronicline
- Lobeline
- MEM-63,908/RG-3487
- Nicotine
- NS-1738
- PHA-543,613
- PHA-709,829
- PNU-120,596
- PNU-282,987
- Pozanicline
- Rivanicline
- RJR-2429
- Sazetidine A
- Sebacylcholine
- SIB-1508Y
- SIB-1553A
- SSR-180,711
- Suberylcholine
- Suxamethonium/Succinylcholine
- TC-1698
- TC-1734
- TC-1827
- TC-2216
- TC-5214
- TC-5619
- TC-6683
- Tebanicline
- Tropisetron
- UB-165
- Varenicline
- WAY-317,538
- XY-4083
Antagonists: 18-Methoxycoronaridine
- α-Bungarotoxin
- α-Conotoxin
- Alcuronium
- Amantadine
- Anatruxonium
- Atracurium
- Bupropion
- Chandonium
- Chlorisondamine
- Cisatracurium
- Coclaurine
- Coronaridine
- Dacuronium
- Decamethonium
- Dextromethorphan
- Dextropropoxyphene
- Dextrorphan
- Diadonium
- DHβE
- Dimethyltubocurarine/Metocurine
- Dipyrandium
- Dizocilpine/MK-801
- Doxacurium
- Duador
- Esketamine
- Fazadinium
- Gallamine
- Hexafluronium
- Hexamethonium/Benzohexonium
- Ibogaine
- Isoflurane
- Ketamine
- Kynurenic acid
- Laudexium/Laudolissin
- Levacetylmethadol
- Malouetine
- Mecamylamine
- Memantine
- Methadone (Levomethadone)
- Methorphan/Racemethorphan
- Methyllycaconitine
- Metocurine
- Mivacurium
- Morphanol/Racemorphan
- Neramexane
- Nitrous Oxide
- Pancuronium
- Pempidine
- Pentamine
- Pentolinium
- Phencyclidine
- Pipecuronium
- Radafaxine
- Rapacuronium
- Rocuronium
- Surugatoxin
- Thiocolchicoside
- Toxiferine
- Trimethaphan
- Tropeinium
- Tubocurarine
- Vecuronium
- Xenon
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Reuptake inhibitors
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Plasmalemmal
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CHT Inhibitors
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- Hemicholinium-3/Hemicholine
- Triethylcholine
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Vesicular
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Enzyme inhibitors
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Anabolism
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ChAT inhibitors
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- 1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium
- 2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium
- 3-Chloro-4-stillbazole
- 4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine
- Acetylseco hemicholinium-3
- Acryloylcholine
- AF64A
- B115
- BETA
- CM-54,903
- N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate
- N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate
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Catabolism
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AChE inhibitors
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BChE inhibitors
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- Cymserine * Many of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors listed above act as butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors.
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Others
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Precursors
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- Choline (Lecithin)
- Citicoline
- Cyprodenate
- Dimethylethanolamine
- Glycerophosphocholine
- Meclofenoxate/Centrophenoxine
- Phosphatidylcholine
- Phosphatidylethanolamine
- Phosphorylcholine
- Pirisudanol
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Cofactors
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- Acetic acid
- Acetylcarnitine
- Acetyl-coA
- Vitamin B5 (Pantethine
- Pantetheine
- Panthenol)
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Others
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- Acetylcholine releasing agents: α-Latrotoxin
- β-Bungarotoxin; Acetylcholine release inhibitors: Botulinum toxin (Botox); Acetylcholinesterase reactivators: Asoxime
- Obidoxime
- Pralidoxime
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Cross-Neutralisation of In Vitro Neurotoxicity of Asian and Australian Snake Neurotoxins and Venoms by Different Antivenoms.
- Silva A1,2, Hodgson WC3, Isbister GK4,5.
- Toxins.Toxins (Basel).2016 Oct 18;8(10). pii: E302.
- There is limited information on the cross-neutralisation of neurotoxic venoms with antivenoms. Cross-neutralisation of the in vitro neurotoxicity of four Asian and four Australian snake venoms, four post-synaptic neurotoxins (α-bungarotoxin, α-elapitoxin-Nk2a, α-elapitoxin-Ppr1 and α-scutoxin; 1
- PMID 27763543
- Peptides from puff adder Bitis arietans venom, novel inhibitors of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
- Vulfius CA1, Spirova EN2, Serebryakova MV3, Shelukhina IV2, Kudryavtsev DS2, Kryukova EV2, Starkov VG2, Kopylova NV4, Zhmak MN5, Ivanov IA2, Kudryashova KS2, Andreeva TV2, Tsetlin VI2, Utkin YN6.
- Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.Toxicon.2016 Oct;121:70-76. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.08.020. Epub 2016 Aug 26.
- Phospholipase A2 (named bitanarin) possessing capability to block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) was isolated earlier (Vulfius et al., 2011) from puff adder Bitis arietans venom. Further studies indicated that low molecular weight fractions of puff adder venom inhibit nAChRs as well. In
- PMID 27576061
- High Throughput Random Mutagenesis and Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing of the Muscle Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor.
- Groot-Kormelink PJ1, Ferrand S2, Kelley N3, Bill A4, Freuler F2, Imbert PE2, Marelli A5, Gerwin N1, Sivilotti LG6, Miraglia L5, Orth AP5, Oakeley EJ3, Schopfer U2, Siehler S2.
- PloS one.PLoS One.2016 Sep 20;11(9):e0163129. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163129. eCollection 2016.
- High throughput random mutagenesis is a powerful tool to identify which residues are important for the function of a protein, and gain insight into its structure-function relation. The human muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor was used to test whether this technique previously used for monomeric
- PMID 27649498
Japanese Journal
- Overdose of D-serine Induces Movement Disorder and Neuromuscular Changes of Zebrafish Larvae
- Chen Xing-Guang,Wang Yun-Hsin,Wen Chi-Chung,Chen Yau-Hung
- Journal of Toxicologic Pathology 27(1), 19-24, 2014
- … Subtle changes are easily observed by staining with specific monoclonal antibodies F59, Znp1, Zn5 and α-bungarotoxin to detect morphological changes in muscle fibers, primary motor axons, secondary motor axon projections and neuromuscular junctions, respectively. …
- NAID 130003382470
- ES細胞由来間葉系幹細胞(E-MSCs)は損傷骨格筋の機能回復を促進する
- 蜷川 菜々,小林 麻美,磯部 恵里,川端 佑果,平山 由梨,鳥橋 茂子
- 日本理学療法学術大会 2011(0), Ab1106-Ab1106, 2012
- … 1・2・3週間後凍結切片を作成し、HE染色、EGFP、MHC、M-cadherin、SMI31、α-Bungarotoxin免疫蛍光染色を行い移植細胞の動態と末梢神経と損傷骨格筋の再生過程を観察した。 …
- NAID 130004692530
- マウスES細胞由来運動神経細胞と骨格筋細胞を用いた生体外共培養方法の検討
- 川端 佑果,蜷川 菜々,小林 麻美,平山 由梨,鳥橋 茂子
- 日本理学療法学術大会 2011(0), Ab0462-Ab0462, 2012
- … さらに、軸索伸長やシナプス形成を免疫蛍光染色、神経筋接合部形成に関しては、蛍光標識α-Bungarotoxinを用いて確認した。 …
- NAID 130004692406
Related Links
- Buy α-BUNGAROTOXIN (CAS 11032-79-4), a blocker of AChR, from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Molecular Formula: C338H529N97O105S11, Molecular Weight: 7984.3 ... α-BUNGAROTOXIN binds nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ...
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