WordNet

any of various organs that synthesize substances needed by the body and release it through ducts or directly into the bloodstream (同)secretory organ, secretor, secreter

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(生物体内の)腺(せん)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/21 11:57:41」(JST)

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Not to be confused with Bulbus glandis.

A bulbourethral gland, also called a Cowper's gland for English anatomist William Cowper, is one of two small exocrine glands present in the reproductive system of many male mammals (of all domesticated animals, they are only absent in the dog).^[1] They are homologous to Bartholin's glands in females.

Location[edit]

Bulbourethral glands are located posterior and lateral to the membranous portion of the urethra at the base of the penis, between the two layers of the fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, in the deep perineal pouch. They are enclosed by transverse fibers of the sphincter urethrae membranaceae muscle.

Structure[edit]

Dissection of prostate showing the bulbourethral glands within the fibers of the external urethral sphincter just underneath the prostate.

The bulbourethral glands are compound tubulo-alveolar glands, each approximately the size of a pea in humans. In chimpanzees, they are not visible during dissection, but can be found on microscopic examination.^[2] In boars, they are up to 18 cm long and 5 cm in diameter.^[1] They are composed of several lobules held together by a fibrous covering. Each lobule consists of a number of acini, lined by columnar epithelial cells, opening into a duct that joins with the ducts of other lobules to form a single excretory duct. This duct is approximately 2.5 cm long and opens into the urethra at the base of the penis. The glands gradually diminish in size with advancing age.^[3]^{[unreliable source]}

Function[edit]

During sexual arousal each gland produces a clear, salty, viscous secretion known as pre-ejaculate. This fluid helps to lubricate the urethra for spermatozoa to pass through, neutralizing traces of acidic urine in the urethra,^[4] and helps flush out any residual urine or foreign matter.

Though the pre-ejaculate does not contain sperm it is possible for this fluid to pick up sperm, remaining in the urethral bulb from previous ejaculations, and carry them out prior to the next ejaculation.

The Cowper's gland also produces some amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and Cowper's tumors may increase PSA to a level that makes prostate cancer suspected.^{[citation needed]}

Gallery[edit]

Structure of the penis
Male pelvic organs seen from right side.
Vertical section of bladder, penis, and urethra.

Notes[edit]

^ ^a ^b Mark McEntee (December 2, 2012). Reproductive Pathology of Domestic Mammals. Elsevier Science. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-323-13804-8. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
^ Jeffrey H. Schwartz (1988). Orang-utan Biology. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-504371-6. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
^ Gray's Anatomy, 38th ed., p 1861.
^ Chughtai, Bilal; Ahmed Sawas, Rebecca L. O'Malley, Rohan R. Naik, S. Ali Khan, Srinivas Pentyala (April 2005). "A Neglected Gland: A Review of Cowper's Gland". International Journal of Andrology (Blackwell Publishing) 28 (2): 74–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00499.x. ISSN 0105-6263. PMID 15811067. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

The anatomy and histology of the reproductive tract of the male Babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis).

Ziehmer B, Signorella A, Kneepkens AF, Hunt C, Ogle S, Agungpriyono S, Knorr C, Macdonald AA.SourceRoyal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
Theriogenology.Theriogenology.2013 Apr 15;79(7):1054-64. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.01.025. Epub 2013 Mar 5.
The anatomy and histology of the reproduction organs of the male Babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis) were studied in 21 specimens collected between birth and approximately 17 years of age. In adult animals the testes were located in a subanal position against the caudal surface of the thigh musculature.
PMID 23481670

Marsupial morphology of reproduction: South America opossum male model.

De Barros MA, Panattoni Martins JF, Samoto VY, Oliveira VC, Gonçalves N, Furlaneto Mançanares CA, Vidane A, Carvalho AF, Ambrósio CE, Miglino MA.SourceMorphology Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine College, UNIFEOB, São João da Boa Vista, Brazil.
Microscopy research and technique.Microsc Res Tech.2013 Apr;76(4):388-97. doi: 10.1002/jemt.22178. Epub 2013 Jan 30.
This study aims to describe the morphology of Didelphis sp. male genital organs (penis, testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, prostate, and bulbourethral gland). Ten male animals were used, eight for macroscopic and light microscopy analysis, and two for scanning electron microscopy. The testes and e
PMID 23362127

Japanese Journal

Effects of Steroid Hormones and Growth Factors on the Development of the Male Mouse Reproductive Tract In Vitro(Reproductive Biology)

Fukazawa Yugo,Iguchi Taisen
Zoological science 16(1), 153-160, 1999-02-15
… Testosterone and 5 α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) stimulated development of seminal vesicle (SV), coagulating gland (CG), prostate (P) and bulbourethral gland (BG). …
NAID 110003370305

Altered expression of transforming growth factor βs during urethral and bulbourethral gland tumor progression in transgenic mice carrying the androgen-responsive C3(1) 5' flanking region fused to SV40 large T antigen

SHIBATA MA
Carcinogenesis 19, 195-205, 1998
NAID 30018391913

Changes in Body Weight and Organ Weight of Ishibashi (IS) Rats with Growth

Teramoto Kiyoshi,Tsuji Koichiro,Saito Toru [他],KUHARA Takatoshi,MAEJIMA Kazuyoshi,ISHIHARA Tomoaki,ISHIBASHI Masahiko
Experimental animals 45(4), 317-323, 1996-10-01
… in body weight (25-175 days old, every 10 days) and weights of various organs (70, 105, 140 and 175 days old), i.e., cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, heart, liver, spleen, adrenal gland, kidney, seminal vesicle, prostate, epididymis, testes, bulbourethral gland and ovary, of Ishibashi (IS) rats with growth, which are model animals for congenital vertebral malformation (spontaneous kyphoscoliosis) were examined as …
NAID 10007529015

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「尿道球腺」「球尿道腺」「glandula bulbourethralis」

「尿道球腺」

Bulbourethral gland
	Male Anatomy
	The deeper branches of the internal pudendal artery. (Bulbourethral gland labeled at center left.)
Latin	Glandulae bulbourethrales
Gray's	subject #264 1253
Artery	Artery of the urethral bulb
Precursor	Urogenital sinus
MeSH	Bulbourethral+Glands