WordNet
- fragrant rounded shrub of southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico having brittle stems and small crowded blue-green leaves and yellow flowers; produces a resin used in incense and varnish and in folk medicine (同)brittle bush, incienso, Encelia farinosa
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2012/09/04 17:01:17」(JST)
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Encelia farinosa |
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Scientific classification |
Kingdom: |
Plantae |
(unranked): |
Angiosperms |
(unranked): |
Eudicots |
(unranked): |
Asterids |
Order: |
Asterales |
Family: |
Asteraceae |
Genus: |
Encelia |
Species: |
E. farinosa |
Binomial name |
Encelia farinosa
Torr. & A.Gray |
Brittlebush flower, in Sabino Canyon, Tucson, AZ
Encelia farinosa, or Brittlebush, is a common desert shrub of northwestern Mexico through California and the southwestern United States. Its common name comes from the brittleness of its stems.
Other names include "incienso," and "hierba del vaso" (Spanish) and "cotx" (Seri).[1] The Spanish name is because dried sap was burned by early Spanish Missions in the New World as incense.
Contents
- 1 Habitat
- 2 Description
- 3 Uses
- 4 References
- 5 External links
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Habitat
Encelia farinosa can be found in a variety of habitats from dry gravelly slopes to open sandy washes up to 1000 m. It does well in cultivation and recently has spread dramatically in areas not natural to its distribution in large part because Caltrans has begun to use it in hydroseeding.
Description
Encelia farinosa grows to 1 m-3 ft tall, with fragrant leaves 3–8 cm long, ovate to deltoid, and silvery tomentose. The capitula are 3-3.5 cm diameter, with orange-yellow ray florets and yellow or purple-brown disc florets. They are arranged in loose panicles above the leafy stems fruit 3–6 mm and there is no pappus.
3-Acetyl-6-methoxybenzaldehyde is a chemical compound found in the leaves of E. farinosa.[2]
Varieties
- Encelia farinosa var. farinosa Gray ex Torr.
- Encelia farinosa var. phenicodonta (Blake) I.M. Johnston ---
dark-eyed brittlebush
- Encelia farinosa var. radians Brandeg. ex Blake
Uses
Brittlebush has a long history of uses by indigenous and pioneer peoples.
- Glue: The resin collected from the base of the plant is often yellowish to brown in color. This resin can be heated and used as a glue. The O'odham and Seri use it for hafting, to hold points on arrows and harpoons.[3]
- Sealer: A different sort of resin is collected from the upper stems, is more gummy and generally a clear yellow. The Seri use this to seal pottery vessels.[4]
- Gum: The Sells area Tohono O'odham children use upper stem resin as a passable chewing gum.
- Incense: The early Spanish friars learned that this resin made a highly fragrant incense, akin to frankenscense in odor.[5]
- Toothbrush: Oldtime cowboys used brittlebush stem as a fine toothbrush. Simply select a largish branch and peal off the bitter bark, no need for toothpaste.
- Medicinal: Seri use brittlebush to treat toothache. For toothache the bark is removed, the branch heated in ashes, and then placed in the mouth to "harden" a loose tooth.[6]
References
Encelia farinosa in the Colorado Desert.
- C.Michael Hogan, ed. 2010. Encelia farinosa. Encyclopedia of Life
- USDA Plants Profile
- ^ Felger, R. S. and M. B. Moser, 1985, People of the Desert and Sea. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
- ^ Structure Determination and Synthesis of a Plant Growth Inhibitor, 3-Acetyl-6-methoxybenzaldehyde, Found in the Leaves of Encelia Farinosa. Reed Gray and James Bonner, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1948, 70 (3), pp 1249–1253, doi:10.1021/ja01183a114
- ^ Felger, R. S. and M. B. Moser, 1985, People of the Desert and Sea. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
- ^ Felger, R. S. and M. B. Moser, 1985, People of the Desert and Sea. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
- ^ Dunmire, W.W. 2004. Gardens of New Spain. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.
- ^ Felger, R. S. and M. B. Moser, 1985, People of the Desert and Sea. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
External links
- UC Jepson Manual treatment for Encelia farinosa
- USDA Plant Profile for Encelia farinosa (brittlebush)
- US Fire Service Index of Species Information
- Encelia farinosa - U.C.CalPhotos Gallery
English Journal
- Reduced wind speed improves plant growth in a desert city.
- Bang C1, Sabo JL, Faeth SH.
- PloS one.PLoS One.2010 Jun 10;5(6):e11061. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011061.
- BACKGROUND: The often dramatic effects of urbanization on community and ecosystem properties, such as primary productivity, abundances, and diversity are now well-established. In most cities local primary productivity increases and this extra energy flows upwards to alter diversity and relative abun
- PMID 20548790
- Evolutionary history and phylogeography of Encelia farinosa (Asteraceae) from the Sonoran, Mojave, and Peninsular Deserts.
- Fehlberg SD1, Ranker TA.
- Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.Mol Phylogenet Evol.2009 Feb;50(2):326-35. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.11.011. Epub 2008 Nov 27.
- Pleistocene glaciations have had a profound influence on the genetic structure of plant species throughout the Northern Hemisphere because of range contractions, fragmentations, and expansions. Phylogeographic studies have contributed to our knowledge of this influence in several geographic regions
- PMID 19059351
- Population- and family-level variation of brittlebush (Encelia farinosa, Asteraceae) pubescence: its relation to drought and implications for selection in variable environments.
- Sandquist DR1, Ehleringer JR.
- American journal of botany.Am J Bot.2003 Oct;90(10):1481-6. doi: 10.3732/ajb.90.10.1481.
- Because leaf pubescence of the desert shrub Encelia farinosa increases in response to drought and influences photosynthesis and transpiration, we hypothesized that differences in water availability across the range of this species may result in genetic differentiation for pubescence and associated p
- PMID 21659100
Related Links
- 1905-10, Americanism; brittle + bush 1, so called from the texture of its leaves Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2015. Cite This Source Discover our greatest slideshows ...
- Brittlebush (Encelia farinosa) Family: Asteraceae A member of the Sunflower family, Brittlebush is one of the defining shrubs of our Arizona Uplands (Sonoran Desert), but reaches its upper elevational limits in our area. It is said (By ...
- brit·tle·bush (brĭt′l-bo osh′) n. Any of various shrubs of the genus Encelia of the composite family, especially E. farinosa, native to northern Mexico and ... The desert goes Technicolor, brittlebush covered in yellow flowers ...
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