WordNet
- (physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
- instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
- a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
- a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
- a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
- a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
- the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
- grow out of, have roots in, originate in; "The increase in the national debt stems from the last war"
- stop the flow of a liquid; "staunch the blood flow"; "stem the tide" (同)stanch, staunch, halt
- remove the stem from; "for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed"
- the tube of a tobacco pipe
- cause to point inward; "stem your skis"
- kill by smashing someones skull
- mental ability; "hes got plenty of brains but no common sense" (同)brainpower, learning_ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit
- that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord (同)encephalon
- the brain of certain animals used as meat
- hit on the head
- causing motion or action or change (同)actuating
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
- (草の)『茎』,(木の)『幹』 / 葉柄,花梗(かこう) / 『茎状のもの』;(杯・グラスの)『脚』,(パイプ・さじの)柄,(時計の)りゅうず / (単語の)語幹,語根 / 船首;船首材 / …‘の'茎(軸)を取り去る,へたをとる / (…から)生じる,(…に)由来する《+『from』+『名』(do『ing』)》
- 〈流れなど〉‘を'止める / 〈風・水流など〉‘に'逆らって進む,抵抗する / 〈攻撃・反対など〉‘を'くい止める,押さえる
- 『脳』,脳髄 / 《しばしば複数形で》『頭脳』,『知力』 / 《話》秀才,知的指導者 / …‘の'頭を打ち砕く
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
- 1. 脳腫瘍の臨床所見および診断 clinical presentation and diagnosis of brain tumors
- 2. 脳転移患者の臨床症状、診断、およびマネージメントの概要 overview of the clinical manifestations diagnosis and management of patients with brain metastases
- 3. 二次性中枢神経系リンパ腫の臨床症状および診断 clinical presentation and diagnosis of secondary central nervous system lymphoma
- 4. 造血および幹細胞の機能の概要 overview of hematopoiesis and stem cell function
- 5. 原発性脳腫瘍の発生率 incidence of primary brain tumors
English Journal
- Role of G-proteins in the effects of leptin on pedunculopontine nucleus neurons.
- Beck P1, Mahaffey S, Urbano FJ, Garcia-Rill E.Author information 1Department of Neurobiology and Development Science, Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.AbstractThe pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), the cholinergic arm of the reticular activating system, regulates waking and rapid eye movement sleep. Here, we demonstrate immunohistochemical labeling of the leptin receptor signaling isoform in PPN neurons, and investigated the effects of G-protein modulation and the leptin triple antagonist (TA) on the action of leptin in the PPN. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were performed in rat brainstem slices from 9 to 17 day old pups. Previous results showed that leptin caused a partial blockade of sodium (I(Na)) and h-current (I(H)) in PPN neurons. TA (100 nM) reduced the blockade of I(Na) (~ 50% reduction) and I(H) (~ 93% reduction) caused by leptin. Intracellular guanosine 5'-[β-thio]diphosphate trilithium salt (a G-protein inhibitor) significantly reduced the effect of leptin on I(Na) (~ 60% reduction) but not on I(H) (~ 25% reduction). Intracellular GTPγS (a G-protein activator) reduced the effect of leptin on both I(Na) (~ 80% reduction) and I(H) (~ 90% reduction). These results suggest that the effects of leptin on the intrinsic properties of PPN neurons are leptin receptor- and G-protein dependent. We also found that leptin enhanced NMDA receptor-mediated responses in single neurons and in the PPN population as a whole, an effect blocked by TA. These experiments further strengthen the association between leptin dysregulation and sleep disturbances. Beck et al. investigated the effects of leptin on the intrinsic properties of neurons from the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). Leptin reduced the amplitude of voltage-gated sodium (I(Na)) and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated HCN (I(H)) channels. These effects were antagonized by a leptin receptor (OB-R) antagonist and by the G-protein antagonist GDPβ.
- Journal of neurochemistry.J Neurochem.2013 Sep;126(6):705-14. doi: 10.1111/jnc.12312. Epub 2013 Jun 12.
- The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), the cholinergic arm of the reticular activating system, regulates waking and rapid eye movement sleep. Here, we demonstrate immunohistochemical labeling of the leptin receptor signaling isoform in PPN neurons, and investigated the effects of G-protein modulation a
- PMID 23692342
- Effects of leptin on pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) neurons.
- Beck P1, Urbano FJ, Williams DK, Garcia-Rill E.Author information 1Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., Slot 847, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.AbstractLeptin, a hormone that regulates appetite and energy expenditure, is increased in obese individuals, although these individuals often exhibit leptin resistance. Obesity is characterized by sleep/wake disturbances, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, increased REM sleep, increased nighttime arousals, and decreased percentage of total sleep time. Several studies have shown that short sleep duration is highly correlated with decreased leptin levels in both animal and human models. Arousal and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are regulated by the cholinergic arm of the reticular activating system, the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). The goal of this project was to determine the role of leptin in the PPN, and thus in obesity-related sleep disorders. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were conducted on PPN neurons in 9- to 17-day-old rat brainstem slices. Leptin decreased action potential (AP) amplitude, AP frequency, and h-current (I(H)). These findings suggest that leptin causes a blockade of Na⁺ channels. Therefore, we conducted an experiment to test the effects of leptin on Na⁺ conductance. To determine the average voltage dependence of this conductance, results from each cell were equally weighted by expressing conductance as a fraction of the maximum conductance in each cell. I Na amplitude was decreased in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting a direct effect of leptin on these channels. The average decrease in Na⁺ conductance by leptin was ~40 %. We hypothesize that leptin normally decreases activity in the PPN by reducing I(H) and I(Na) currents, and that in states of leptin dysregulation (i.e., leptin resistance) this effect may be blunted, therefore causing increased arousal and REM sleep drive, and ultimately leading to sleep-related disorders.
- Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996).J Neural Transm.2013 Jul;120(7):1027-38. doi: 10.1007/s00702-012-0957-x. Epub 2012 Dec 21.
- Leptin, a hormone that regulates appetite and energy expenditure, is increased in obese individuals, although these individuals often exhibit leptin resistance. Obesity is characterized by sleep/wake disturbances, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, increased REM sleep, increased nighttime arousal
- PMID 23263542
- Coherence and frequency in the reticular activating system (RAS).
- Garcia-Rill E1, Kezunovic N, Hyde J, Simon C, Beck P, Urbano FJ.Author information 1Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Dev. Sci., University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., Slot 847, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. GarciaRillEdgar@uams.eduAbstractThis review considers recent evidence showing that cells in the reticular activating system (RAS) exhibit (1) electrical coupling mainly in GABAergic cells, and (2) gamma band activity in virtually all of the cells. Specifically, cells in the mesopontine pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), intralaminar parafascicular nucleus (Pf), and pontine dorsal subcoeruleus nucleus dorsalis (SubCD) (1) show electrical coupling, and (2) all fire in the beta/gamma band range when maximally activated, but no higher. The mechanism behind electrical coupling is important because the stimulant modafinil was shown to increase electrical coupling. We also provide recent findings demonstrating that all cells in the PPN and Pf have high threshold, voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channels that are essential to gamma band activity. On the other hand, all SubCD, and some PPN, cells manifested sodium-dependent subthreshold oscillations. A novel mechanism for sleep-wake control based on transmitter interactions, electrical coupling, and gamma band activity is described. We speculate that continuous sensory input will modulate coupling and induce gamma band activity in the RAS that could participate in the processes of preconscious awareness, and provide the essential stream of information for the formulation of many of our actions.
- Sleep medicine reviews.Sleep Med Rev.2013 Jun;17(3):227-38. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2012.06.002. Epub 2012 Oct 6.
- This review considers recent evidence showing that cells in the reticular activating system (RAS) exhibit (1) electrical coupling mainly in GABAergic cells, and (2) gamma band activity in virtually all of the cells. Specifically, cells in the mesopontine pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), intralaminar
- PMID 23044219
Japanese Journal
- 脳血管障害・頭部外傷患者における「意識」の概念分析
- 大久保 暢子
- 聖路加看護学会誌 9(1), 28-36, 2005-06-20
- [研究目的]脳血管障害と頭部外傷患者を対象とした「意識」という概念がもつ特徴を明らかにすることである。[研究方法]概念分析手法は Walker & Avant の概念分析を使用した。データは,キーワーズをPubMed,CINAHL,PsyclNFO,医学中央雑誌,日本看護索引に投入して収集した。最終的に62'文献とその文献に頻回に使用される図書5冊を対象とした。[結果]属性は,(1)網様体賦活系機 …
- NAID 110006471246
- 無症候性脳梗塞における聴性中間反応(MLRs)と神経心理機能との相関性
- 栃木 捷一郎,川上 正人,佐藤 豊明,渡辺 尚彦,河野 光伸,立山 萬里,須田 治彦,金 寿子,武 未希子,水戸 優子,城生 弘美,志自岐 康子,杉本 正子
- 東京保健科学学会誌 1(2), 188-193, 1999-03-20
- 聴性中間反応(MLRs)は中潜時にて出現する聴覚性誘発電位である。その後期成分Pbは上行性網様体賦活系(ARAS)からのコリン作動性ニューロンが視床髄板内核へ入力し発生するものと考えられている。著者らは脳血管性痴呆(VD)やアルツハイマー病(AD)などではMLRsのPb成分が低振幅となり痴呆疾患の診断に有用であることを報告してきた。一方, MR像の導入により, 無症候性脳梗塞(SBI)の検出率が上 …
- NAID 110002345827
- 脳幹梗塞によるｄｉａｓｃｈｉｓｉｓ
- 羽生 春夫,嶺崎 隆幸,大山 満,桝井 武,原田 雅義
- 脳卒中 20(3), 312-317, 1998
- 一側脳幹に限局した脳梗塞17例を対象に,SPECTによる脳血流量の左右差を指標として大脳,小脳半球に及ぼす影響を検討した.大脳半球の血流低下がみられたのは7例で,中脳から橋上部までの病巣では同側に,橋中部から延髄における病巣では対側に認められ,これらの病巣はすべて脳幹被蓋を含む病巣であった.小脳半球の血流低下は6例にみられ,橋中部から下部を境に上方(吻側)の病巣では対側に,下方(尾側)の病巣では同 …
- NAID 130003631336
Related Links
- The reticular activating system (or ARAS, for Ascending Reticular Activating System) is the name given to the part of the brain (the reticular formation and its connections) believed to be the center of arousal and motivation in ...
- The reticular activating system is part of the brain that helps control sleep, motivation, and breathing. The reticular activating... ... The reticular activating system (RAS) is a part of the mammalian brain located in the brain stem. In ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「脳幹網様体賦活系」 |
| 関連記事 | 「stem」「system」「STEM」「reticula」「brain」 |
「脳幹網様体賦活系」
「stem」
- n.
- (草木の)茎、幹、軸。(菌類の)柄。葉柄、花梗、
- vt
- vi.
- 生じる、起こる、由来する(from,in,out of)
- In volvement in such disparate conditions stems from the widespread influences of GSK3 on many cellular functions.
- 関
- accrue、arise、basilar、basilaris、borne、come from、derive、descend、give rise to、happen、occur、plant stem、produce、proximal、proximal region、raise、scanning transmission electron microscopy
「system」
- n.
「STEM」
「reticula」
- np.
「brain」