WordNet

remove the bones from; "bone the turkey before roasting it" (同)debone
the porous calcified substance from which bones are made (同)osseous_tissue
consisting of or made up of bone; "a bony substance"; "the bony framework of the body"
a shade of white the color of bleached bones (同)ivory, pearl, off-white
rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates (同)os
a dish made by folding a piece of pastry over a filling
having bones as specified; "his lanky long-boned body"
having had the bones removed; "a boneless rib roast"; "a boned (or deboned) fish" (同)deboned
a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance (同)castanets, clappers, finger cymbals

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉骨 / 〈U〉骨を作っている物質,骨質 / 《複数形で》骨格;死骸(がい) / 〈魚など〉‘の'骨を取る
〈C〉(車などの)転覆,転倒 / 〈U〉《しばしば a…》(一定期間内の)総取り引き高,売り上げ高 / 〈U〉《しばしば s…》(一定期間内の)補充労働者の総数(割合) / 〈U〉《しばしば a…》(一定期間内の)商品の回転率 / 〈C〉〈U〉(半円形形または三角形の)折り重ねパイ
(魚など)骨を取り除いた / (衣服が)(コルセットなどで)骨で張りをつけた[ような]

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/14 09:17:09」(JST)

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Bone tissue is removed by osteoclasts, and then new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. Both processes utilize cytokine (TGF-β, IGF) signalling.

Bone remodeling (or bone metabolism) is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation). These processes also control the reshaping or replacement of bone following injuries like fractures but also micro-damage, which occurs during normal activity. Remodeling responds also to functional demands of the mechanical loading.

In the first year of life, almost 100% of the skeleton is replaced. In adults, remodeling proceeds at about 10% per year.^[1]

An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two sub-processes, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.^[2]

Physiology[edit]

The 2 types of cells responsible for bone metabolism are known as osteoblasts, which secrete new bone, and osteoclasts which break bone down. The structure of bones as well as adequate supply of calcium requires close cooperation between these two types of cells. It relies on complex signaling pathways to achieve proper rates of growth and differentiation. These signaling pathways include the action of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, growth hormone, steroids, and calcitonin, as well as several cytokines. It is in this way that the body is able to maintain proper levels of calcium required for physiological processes.

Subsequent to appropriate signaling, osteoclasts move to resorb the surface of the bone, followed by deposition of bone by osteoblasts. Together, the cells that are responsible for bone remodeling are known as the basic multicellular unit (BMU), and the temporal duration (i.e. lifespan) of the BMU is referred to as the bone remodeling period.^[3]

Gallery[edit]

Osteoblasts actively synthesizing osteoid containing two osteocytes.
Osteoclast, with bone below it, showing typical distinguishing characteristics: a large cell with multiple nuclei and a "foamy" cytosol.

References[edit]

^ Wheeless Textbook
^ Online Medical Dictionary
^ Pietrzak, WS. Musculoskeletal tissue regeneration: biological materials and methods, Humana Press, 2008. ISBN 1-58829-909-0 page 48

This musculoskeletal system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 骨代謝の生理学および生化学的マーカー bone physiology and biochemical markers of bone turnover
2. 骨粗鬆症における骨代謝の生物学的マーカーの使用 use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis
3. 骨転移の機序 mechanisms of bone metastases
4. 慢性腎臓病患者における骨粗鬆症：診断、評価およびマネージメント osteoporosis in patients with chronic kidney disease diagnosis evaluation and management
5. 骨粗鬆症性骨折のリスク評価 osteoporotic fracture risk assessment

English Journal

Bone density in black and white South African women: contribution of ethnicity, body weight and lifestyle.

Conradie M1, Conradie MM, Kidd M, Hough S.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2014 Dec;9(1):193. doi: 10.1007/s11657-014-0193-0. Epub 2014 Sep 5.
Ethnic differences in bone mineral density (BMD) between healthy adult black and white South African women were studied. Higher BMD was only noted at the femoral sites in black women. Body weight significantly impacted these findings. A lower fracture risk at all skeletal sites cannot be assumed in
PMID 25190256

Sub-toxic nicotine concentrations affect extracellular matrix and growth factor signaling gene expressions in human osteoblasts.

Marinucci L1, Bodo M, Balloni S, Locci P, Baroni T.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2014 Dec;229(12):2038-48. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24661.
Exposure to nicotine and other compounds contained in cigarette smoking affects human health. This study examined the effects of exposure to a single or multiple sub-toxic nicotine concentrations on human osteoblasts. Cell growth and expression of genes involved in bone differentiation, extracellula
PMID 24777817

Disordered hepcidin-ferroportin signaling promotes breast cancer growth.

Zhang S1, Chen Y2, Guo W3, Yuan L4, Zhang D4, Xu Y5, Nemeth E6, Ganz T6, Liu S7.
Cellular signalling.Cell Signal.2014 Nov;26(11):2539-50. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.07.029. Epub 2014 Aug 3.
Iron homeostasis is strictly governed in mammals; however, disordered iron metabolism (such as excess iron burden) is recognized as a risk factor for various types of diseases including cancers. Burgeoning evidence indicates that the central signaling of iron homeostasis, the hepcidin-ferroportin ax
PMID 25093806