WordNet
- a rise in the temperature of the body; frequently a symptom of infection (同)febrility, febricity, pyrexia, feverishness
- intense nervous anticipation; "in a fever of resentment"
- highly excited; "a fevered imagination"
- any of several human or animal diseases characterized by dark urine resulting from rapid breakdown of red blood cells
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈U〉《しばしばa fever》(身体の異常な)『熱』,発熱 / 〈U〉『熱病』 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…に対する)『興奮』,熱狂《+『for』+『名』》
- (比較変化なし)《名詞の前にのみ用いて》熱のある,熱病にかかった / 熱にうかされたような,興奮した / (憎しみなどが)異常に強い
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/05/14 16:46:56」(JST)
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This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2013) |
(see PMID 23402997 and PMID 22931368)
Blackwater fever |
Classification and external resources |
ICD-10 |
B50 |
ICD-9 |
084.8 |
DiseasesDB |
7751 |
MeSH |
D001742 |
Blackwater fever is a complication of malaria in which red blood cells burst in the bloodstream (hemolysis), releasing hemoglobin directly into the blood vessels and into the urine, frequently leading to kidney failure. The disease was first linked to malaria by the Sierra Leonean physician Dr John Farrell Easmon in his 1884 pamphlet entitled The Nature and Treatment of Blackwater Fever. Easmon coined the name 'Blackwater fever' and was the first to successfully treat such cases following the publication of his pamphlet.
Contents
- 1 Signs and symptoms
- 2 Causes
- 3 Treatment
- 4 Cultural references
- 5 References
Signs and symptoms
Within a few days of onset there are chills, with rigor, high fever, jaundice, vomiting, rapidly progressive anemia, and dark red or black urine.
Causes
The cause of hemolytic crises in this disease is unknown (mainly due to intravascular haemolysis). There is rapid and massive destruction of red blood cells with the production of hemoglobinemia (hemoglobin in the blood, but outside the red blood cells), hemoglobinuria (hemoglobin in urine), intense jaundice, anuria (passing less than 50 milliliters of urine in a day), and finally death in the majority of cases.
The most probable explanation for blackwater fever is an autoimmune reaction apparently caused by the interaction of the malaria parasite and the use of quinine. Blackwater fever is caused by heavy parasitization of red blood cells with Plasmodium falciparum. There has been at least one case, however, attributed to Plasmodium vivax.[1]
Blackwater fever is a serious complication of malaria, but cerebral malaria has a higher mortality rate. Blackwater fever is much less common today than it was before 1950.[2] It may be that quinine plays a role in triggering the condition, and this drug is no longer commonly used for malaria prophylaxis. Quinine remains important for treatment of malaria except when the parasite is resistant to chloroquine, a problem that has been on the rise since 1990.[3]
Treatment
The treatment is antimalarial chemotherapy, intravenous fluid and sometimes supportive care such as intensive care and dialysis.
Cultural references
- Out of Africa, a film based on the experiences of author Isak Dinesen
- The Power of One a film based on the book of the same name
- The Bridge on the River Kwai, a film about prisoners of war in a jungle environment
- At Play in the Fields of the Lord, a novel by Peter Matthiessen
- West with the Night, African memoir by aviatrix Beryl Markham
- Burmese Days, a novel by George Orwell; several associates of Flory are noted to have died of blackwater fever in chapter 5
- The Heart of the Matter, a novel by Graham Greene
- Green Hills of Africa, a novel by Ernest Hemingway
- The Book of Secrets (novel), a novel by M.G. Vassanji
- Blackwater Fever, a film by Cyrus Frisch
- The Blackwater Fever, a blues band out of Australia
- An Ice-Cream War, a novel by William Boyd set during the First World War in German East Africa
References
- ^ Katongole-Mbidde E, Banura C, Kizito A (1988-03-19). "Blackwater fever caused by Plasmodium vivax infection in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 296 (6625): 827. doi:10.1136/bmj.296.6625.827. PMC 2545111. PMID 3130932.
- ^ Bruneel F, Gachot B, Wolff M et al. (2002). "[Blackwater fever]". Presse médicale (Paris, France : 1983) (in French) 31 (28): 1329–34. PMID 12355996.
- ^ Bruneel, F; Gachot, B; Wolff, M; Bedos, JP; Regnier, B; Danis, M; Vachon, F (2002). "Blackwater fever". Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983) 31 (28): 1329–34. PMID 12355996. edit
Malaria
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Biology |
- Malaria
- Cerebral
- Blackwater fever
- Pregnancy-associated
- Plasmodium
- biology
- life cycle
- vivax
- falciparum
- ovale
- malariae
- Anopheles mosquito
- Lifecycle
- Schizont
- Merozoite
- Hypnozoite
- Gametocyte
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Control and prevention |
- Public health
- DDT
- Mosquito net
- Malaria prophylaxis
- Mosquito control
- Sterile insect technique
- Genetic resistance
- Duffy antigen
- Sickle cell anaemia
- Thalassemia
- G6PDH deficiency
- Malaria vaccine
- Recombinant malaria vaccine
- RTS,S
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Diagnosis and treatment |
- Diagnosis of Malaria
- Malaria culture
- Blood film
- Malaria antigen detection tests
- Antimalarials
- Artemisinin
- Mefloquine
- Proguanil
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Society and malaria |
- Diseases of poverty
- Millennium Development Goals
- History of Malaria
- Roman fever
- National Malaria Eradication Program
- World Malaria Day
- Epidemiology
- Malaria and the Caribbean
- Malaria Atlas Project
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Organisations |
- Roll Back Malaria Partnership
- Malaria Consortium
- Against Malaria Foundation
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- Imagine No Malaria
- Malaria No More
- Africa Fighting Malaria
- African Malaria Network Trust
- South African Malaria Initiative
- African Leaders Malaria Alliance
- Amazon Malaria Initiative
- The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- Medicines for Malaria Venture
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Protozoan infection: Chromalveolate and Archaeplastida (A07, B50–B54,B58, 007, 084)
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Chromalveolate |
Alveolate |
Apicomplexa |
Conoidasida/
Coccidia |
- Coccidia: Cryptosporidium hominis/Cryptosporidium parvum
- Cystoisospora belli
- Cyclospora cayetanensis
- Toxoplasma gondii
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Aconoidasida |
- Plasmodium falciparum/vivax/ovale/malariae
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Ciliophora |
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Heterokont |
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Archaeplastida |
- Algaemia: Prototheca wickerhamii
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Index of protozoan infection
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Description |
- Alveolata
- Amoebozoa
- Excavata
- Protist
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Disease |
- Amoebozoa
- Chromalveolate
- Excavata
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Treatment |
- Drugs
- amoeboa
- chromalveolate
- excavata
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- [Acute renal failure and severe malaria in Congolese children living in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.]
- Kunuanunua TS, Nsibu CN, Gini-Ehungu JL, Bodi JM, Ekulu PM, Situakibanza H, Nseka NM, Magoga K, Aloni MN.SourceUnité de néphrologie pédiatrique, département de pédiatrie, cliniques universitaires de Kinshasa, faculté de médecine, université de Kinshasa, BP 123 Kinshasa XI, République démocratique du Congo.
- Nephrologie & therapeutique.Nephrol Ther.2013 Feb 7. pii: S1769-7255(13)00002-3. doi: 10.1016/j.nephro.2013.01.001. [Epub ahead of print]
- BACKGROUND: Data on acute renal failure in complicated malaria in children in the Democratic Republic of Congo are sparse. The objective of this study was to document the profile of acute renal failure in severe malaria in admitted patients in pediatric hospitals from Kinshasa.METHODS: A prospective
- PMID 23402997
- Blackwater fever like in murine malaria.
- Rivera N, Romero SE, Menchaca A, Zepeda A, García LE, Salas G, Romero L, Malagón F.SourceLaboratorio de Malariología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, 04510, Mexico, normariv@hotmail.com.
- Parasitology research.Parasitol Res.2012 Dec 21. [Epub ahead of print]
- Blackwater fever (BWF) is the term used to designate the occurrence of hemoglobin pigments in the urine of patients infected with malaria parasites. BWF is more often associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection in man. The pathogenesis of BWF has not been explained satisfactorily. In the present
- PMID 23254588
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