生物検定、生物試験

関: bioassay

WordNet

subject to a bio-assay
appraisal of the biological activity of a substance by testing its effect on an organism and comparing the result with some agreed standard (同)bio-assay
a quantitative or qualitative test of a substance (especially an ore or a drug) to determine its components; frequently used to test for the presence or concentration of infectious agents or antibodies etc.
analyze (chemical substances)
a substance that is undergoing an analysis of its components
an appraisal of the state of affairs; "they made an assay of the contents"; "a check on its dependability under stress" (同)check
a written report of the results of an analysis of the composition of some substance
of parents and children; related by blood; "biological child"
pertaining to biology or to life and living things (同)biologic
hardy and sure-footed animal smaller and with longer ears than the horse
a pompous fool

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(金属の品質・鉱石の金属含有量・薬品の)分析,試金 / 試金物,分析物 / …'を'試金する,分析する
ロバ / ばか者
《米俗》しり,けつ(《英俗》arse)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/24 07:27:20」(JST)

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Bioassay (commonly used shorthand for biological assay or assessment), or biological standardization is a type of scientific experiment. A bioassay involves the use of live animal or plant (in vivo) or tissue or cell (in vitro) to determine the biological activity of a substance, such as a hormone or drug. Bioassays are typically conducted to measure the effects of a substance on a living organism and are essential in the development of new drugs and in monitoring environmental pollutants. Both are procedures by which the potency or the nature of a substance is estimated by studying its effects on living matter. A bioassay can also be used to determine the concentration of a particular constitution of a mixture that may cause harmful effects on organisms or the environment.

Use

Bioassays are procedures that can determine the concentration or purity or biological activity of a substance such as vitamin, hormone or plant growth factor by measuring the effect on an organism, tissue, cells, enzyme or receptor. Bioassays may be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative bioassays are used for assessing the physical effects of a substance that may not be quantified, such as seeds fail to germinate or develop abnormally deformity. An example of a qualitative bioassay includes Arnold Adolph Berthold's famous experiment on castrated chickens. This analysis found that by removing the testicles of a chicken, it would not develop into a rooster because the endocrine signals necessary for this process were not available. Quantitative bioassays involve estimation of the dose-response curve, how the response changes with increasing dose. That dose-response relation allows estimation of the dose or concentration of a substance associated with a specific biological response, such as the LC50 (concentration killing 50% of the exposed organisms). Quantitative bioassays are typically analyzed using the methods of biostatistics. For more information Look up Basic and Clinical Pharmacology by Bertram G. Katzung.

Definition

"The determination of the relative strength of a substance (e.g., a drug or hormone or toxicant) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation." is called bioassay.

Similarly, Bioassay is a method of developing toxicological information on organisms whose physiology is considered similar to the organisms of direct concern to a known level of toxic chemical compound in an environmentally concerned chamber.

Purpose

Measurement of the pharmacological activity of new or chemically undefined substances
Investigation of the function of endogenous mediators
Determination of the side-effect profile, including the degree of drug toxicity
Measurement of the concentration of known substances (alternatives to the use of whole animals have made this use obsolete)
Assessing the amount of pollutants being released by a particular source, such as wastewater or urban runoff.
Determining the specificity of certain enzymes to certain substrates.

Types

Bioassays are of two types:

Quantal

A quantal assay involves an "all or none response".

Graded

Graded assays are based on the observation that there is a proportionate increase in the observed response following an increase in the concentration or dose. The parameters employed in such bioassays are based on the nature of the effect the substance is expected to produce. For example: contraction of smooth muscle preparation for assaying histamine or the study of blood pressure response in case of adrenaline.

A graded bioassay can be performed by employing any of the below-mentioned techniques. The choice of procedure depends on:

the precision of the assay required
the quantity of the sample substance available
the availability of the experimental animals.

Techniques

Matching Bioassay
Interpolation Method
Bracketing Method
Multiple Point Bioassay (i.e.-Three-point, Four-point and Six Point Bioassay)
divided bioassy

Matching Bioassay: It is the simplest type of the bioassay. In this type of bioassay, response of the test substance taken first and the observed response is tried to match with the standard response. Several responses of the standard drug are recorded till a close matching point to that of the test substance is observed. A corresponding concentration is thus calculated. This assay is applied when the sample size is too small. Since the assay does not involve the recording of concentration response curve, the sensitivity of the preparation is not taken into consideration. Therefore, precision and reliability is not very good.

Interpolation bioassay: Bioassays are conducted by determining the amount of preparation of unknown potency required to produce a definite effect on suitable test animals or organs or tissue under standard conditions. This effect is compared with that of a standard. Thus the amount of the test substance required to produce the same biological effect as a given quantity the unit of a standard preparation is compared and the potency of the unknown is expressed as a % of that of the standard by employing a simple formula.

Many times, a reliable result cannot be obtained using this calculation. Therefore it may be necessary to adopt more precise methods of calculating potency based upon observations of relative, but not necessarily equal effects, likewise, statistical methods may also be employed. The data (obtained from either of assay techniques used) on which bioassay are based may be classified as quantal or graded response. Both these depend ultimately on plotting or making assumption concerning the form of DRC.

Environmental bioassays

Environmental bioassays are generally a broad-range survey of toxicity. A toxicity identification evaluation is conducted to determine what the relevant toxicants are. Although bioassays are beneficial in determining the biological activity within an organism, they can often be time-consuming and laborious. Organism-specific factors may result in data that are not applicable to others in that species. For these reasons, other biological techniques are often employed, including radioimmunoassays. See bioindicator.

Water pollution control requirements in the United States require some industrial dischargers and municipal sewage treatment plants to conduct bioassays. These procedures, called whole effluent toxicity tests, include acute toxicity tests as well as chronic test methods. The methods involve exposing living aquatic organisms to samples of wastewater for a specific length of time.^[1]^[2] For example the bioassay ECOTOX uses the microalgae Euglena gracilis to test the toxicity of water samples. ^[3] (See Bioindicator#Microalgae as bioindicators and water quality)

References

^ United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, DC. "Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms." October 2002. Document No. EPA-821-R-02-012.
^ US EPA. "Whole Effluent Toxicity / Clean Water Act Analytical Methods." Accessed December 16, 2008.
^ Tahedl, Harald; Hader, Donat-Peter (1999). "Fast examination of water quality using the automatic biotest ECOTOX based on the movement behavior of a freshwater flagellate". Water Research 33 (2): 426–432. doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00224-3.

External links

Whole Effluent Toxicity Basics (PowerPoint file) - New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

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D'Agata A, Fasulo S, Dallas LJ, Fisher AS, Maisano M, Readman JW, Jha AN.Author information Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, S. Agata - 98166, Messina , Italy.AbstractAbstract Marine bivalves (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed to titanium dioxide (10 mg L(-1)) either as engineered nanoparticles (nTiO2; fresh, or aged under simulated sunlight for 7 days) or the bulk equivalent. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry analyses of mussel tissues showed higher Ti accumulation (>10-fold) in the digestive gland compared to gills. Nano-sized TiO2 showed greater accumulation than bulk, irrespective of ageing, particularly in digestive gland (>sixfold higher). Despite this, transcriptional expression of metallothionein genes, histology and histochemical analysis suggested that the bulk material was more toxic. Haemocytes showed significantly enhanced DNA damage, determined by the modified comet assay, for all treatments compared to the control, but no significant differences between the treatments. Our integrated study suggests that for this ecologically relevant organism photocatalytic ageing of nTiO2 does not significantly alter toxicity, and that bulk TiO2 may be less ecotoxicologically inert than previously assumed.
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Release optimization of epidermal growth factor from PLGA microparticles.

Mirdailami O, Khoshayand MR, Soleimani M, Dinarvand R, Atyabi F.Author information Department of Pharmaceutics, Novel Drug Delivery Systems Lab .AbstractAbstract The objective of this study was to prepare poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based microparticles as potential carriers for recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF). In order to optimize characteristic parameters of protein-loaded microspheres, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was selected as the model protein. To reduce burst release as a common problem of microspheres, a proper alteration in the particle composition was used, such as addition of poly vinyl alcohol and changes in initial drug loading. The effects of these parameters on particle size, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release kinetics of BSA in PLGA microspheres were investigated using a Box-Behnken response surface methodology. The biological activity of the released rhEGF was assessed using human skin fibroblasts cell proliferation assay. The prepared rhEGF-loaded microspheres had an average size of 6.44 ± 2.45 µm, encapsulation efficiency of 97.04 ± 1.13%, burst release of 13.06 ± 1.35% and cumulative release of 22.56 ± 2.41%. The proliferation of human skin fibroblast cells cultivated with rhEGF releasate of microspheres was similar to that of pure rhEGF, indicating the biological activity of released protein confirming the stability of rhEGF during microsphere preparation. These results are in agreement with the purpose of our study to prepare rhEGF-entrapped PLGA microparticles with optimized characteristics.
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PMID 24360412

Japanese Journal

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リンク元	「生物検定」「バイオアッセイ」「bioassay」「生物学的検定法」「生物試験」
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